Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pleural tap (thoracentesis) |
|
Definition
need inserted through chest wall into pleural cavity to collect pleural fluid
checks for malignancy, infection, inflammation, or any combination
performed to drain excessive pleural fluid in large pleural effusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| access the pericardial space around the heart with a needle or cannula to aspirate fluid for drainage, analysis, or both |
|
|
Term
| synovial fluid analysis (arthrocentesis) |
|
Definition
| aspirating synovial fluid from joint space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suctioning gastric contents through NG tube to examine for sputum
pt.s with TB will swallow sputum in their sleep
need for sputum analysis to confirm diagnosis of TB
prevent absorption of toxins that have been ingested |
|
|
Term
| peritoneal fluid analysis (paracentesis) |
|
Definition
aspiration of peritoneal fluid with a needle
1. drain excess fluid, or ascites, from the peritoneal cavity which can be result of TB or other infections
2. assist diagnosing hepatic or systemic malfunctions, disease, infection, and malignancy
3. detect presence of abdominal trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes culture and gram stain to isolate and identify organisms that my be present in the lower respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urine collected by bladder catheterization or having patient void into sterile container |
|
|
Term
| cerebrospinal fluid (lumbar puncture) |
|
Definition
CSP collected with needle from subarachnoid space typically from between L3 & L4
used to diagnose:
primary or metastatic brain or spinal cord neoplasm
cerebral hemorrhage
meningitis
encephalitis
degenerative brain disease
autoimmune diseases
neurosyphilis
multiple sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Nosocomial Infections (hospital acquired) |
|
Definition
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus faecalis
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Candida albicans |
|
|
Term
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
|
Definition
| bacteria found in environment, foods, and intestines of animals and people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MRS, VRE
nonmotile, gram-positive, spherical bacterium
found in large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opportunistic
aggressive
sweet and sticky smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungal infection caused by yeast |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) |
|
Definition
| strain og staphylococcus that is resistant to methicillin or similar agents |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) |
|
Definition
| TRANSMITTED: by person-to-person or person-to-object-to-person contact |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) |
|
Definition
| survive prolonged periods of time on inanimate objects unless properly sanitized |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) |
|
Definition
hospital staff can be primary carriers
bacterium can be colonized in healthy adults
diagnosed by nasal swab |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) |
|
Definition
prevention is 1st treatment strategy
pt on CONTACT isolation precautions
strict hand washing
use of gloves, gowns, or both
disinfection of all contaminated objects (single use gait belt, A.D., & theraband) |
|
|
Term
| Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Infection (VRE) |
|
Definition
| nosocomial infection that has become resistant to vancomycin, ahminoglycosides, and ampicillin |
|
|
Term
| Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Infection (VRE) |
|
Definition
| can develop as endogenous enterococci (normally found in GI tract of the female reproductive tract) & become opportunistic |
|
|
Term
| Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Infection (VRE) |
|
Definition
TRANSMISSION:
1. direct patient-to-patient contact
2. indirect contact through asymptomatic hospital staff who carry the opportunistic strain
3. Contact with contaminated equipment or surfaces |
|
|
Term
| Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Infection (VRE) |
|
Definition
| diagnose from urine or sputum samples, swam (wound), cultured from blood or spinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equipment used during PT sessions should be left in the patient's room & SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN OUT UNTIL THE INFECTION HAS RESOLVED OR THE PATIENT HAS BEEN DISCHARGED FROM THE FACILITY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of nasal mucous membranes resulting from either an allergic reaction or viral reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a seasonal reaction from allergens (pollen) or reaction from environmental triggers (pet dander or smoke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical manifestations of allergic and viral rhinitis |
|
Definition
sneezing
water, itchy eyes & nose
altered sense of smell
thin, watery nasal discharge |
|
|
Term
| clinical manifestations of viral rhinitis |
|
Definition
fever
malaise
headache
thicker nasal discharge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of hypertrophy of the mucosal lining of any or all of the facial sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary)
can result from bacterial, viral, or fungal infection |
|
|
Term
| clinical manifestations of sinusitis |
|
Definition
pain over affected sinus
purulent nasal drainage
nasal obstruction
congestion
fever
malaise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by an of the influenza viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TRANSMITTED: by aerosolized mucous droplets
viruses can change over time
usually self-limiting (symptoms last 7-10 days)
pneumonia is a complication, especially in the elderly and chronically ill
diagnoses by nasal swab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is most likely to cause a community outbreak |
|
|
Term
| upper respiratory infections |
|
Definition
rhinitis
sinustits
Influenza
pertussis |
|
|
Term
| pertussis (whooping cough) |
|
Definition
an acute bacterial infection of mucous membranes of the trachea-bronchial tree
most common in children < 1 y/o
children/adults of lower socioeconomic populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defining symptoms is coughing spasms with inspiratory "whoop"
symptoms last 1-2 months
TRANSMITTED: through airborne particles
highly contagious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bronchopulmonary hygiene/ endotracheal suctioning (if needed)
supplemental O2 or assisted ventilation or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory isolation for 3 weeks after onset of coughing spasms or 7 days after antimicrobial therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterium in throat and skin
carry in the throat and on the skin and have no symptoms of illness
mild illnesses
"strep throat" or impetigo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of bacteria that causes illness in people of all ages
most common cause of some life-threatening infections in newborns
carried in intestines and lower genial tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary infectious disease caused by tubercle bacillus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TRANSMITTED: through airborne Myobacteriym tuberculosis particles
particles are expelled into the air when a person with pulmonary or laryngeal TB coughs or sneezes |
|
|
Term
| Risk factos for developing active TB after infection |
|
Definition
children < 8 y/o & adolescents
low weight
immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| clinical manifestations of tuberculosis |
|
Definition
fever
initial non-productive cough
mucopurulent secretions present later
later stages:
hemoptysis (coughing blood)
dyspnea at rest or with exertion
breathing sounds at lung apices
pleuritic chest pain
hoarseness
dysphagia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood and body fluid precautions if extra pulmonary disease present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multi-staged inflammatory reaction of the distal airways from inhalation of bacteria, viruses, microorganisms, foreign substances, gastric contents, dusts, chemicals, or as a complication of radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be community of nosocomial acquired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs after 48 hours within hospital stay & is associated with ventilator use, contaminated equipment & poor hand washing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulmonary & systemic infection caused by infective spores (fungi)
spores are found in soil of central and eastern U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TRANSMITTED: by inhalation of dust from infected soil or bird and bat feces
spores form lesions in the lung parenchyma that can spread to other tissues |
|
|
Term
| acute benign respiratory disease |
|
Definition
form of histoplasmosis
flu like symptoms & pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| acute disseminated disease |
|
Definition
form of histoplasmosis
septic like fever |
|
|
Term
| chronic disseminated disease |
|
Definition
form of histoplasmosis
lesions in the bone marrow, spleen, and lungs resulting in immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
| chronic pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
form of histoplasmosis
manifests as progressive emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of pneumonia cased by bacteria found in water
TRANSMITTED: breathing in contaminated water vapor (think spa or hot tub- it likes warm water)
CANNOT BE SPREAD PERSON TO PERSON |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
symptoms: high fever, chills, cough, headache, muscle aches
milder form: pontiac fever (no pneumonia) |
|
|
Term
| lower respiratory tract infections |
|
Definition
legionellosis
histoplasmosis
pneumonia tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammatory lesions in any or all of the connective tissues of the heart, joints, subcutaneous tissues, and central nervous system
group A & B streptococcal infections of upper respiratory tract
altered immune reaction to the infection of strep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resultant damage to the heart from the rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute systemic viral disease that affects the CNS
TRANSMITTED: direct by fecal-oral route from person to person of indirect by consumption of contaminated water sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clinical presentation:
24-36 hours- afebrile illness-->aseptic meningitis-->paralysis (after 4 days) --> possibly death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paralysis:
accompanied by fever & muscle pain
asymmetric
muscles of respiration, swallowing, and LE affected
can resolve completely, have residual effects, or be fatal |
|
|
Term
| postpoliomyelitis syndrome |
|
Definition
occurs 30-40 years after episode of childhood paralytic poliomyelitis
results from overuse or premature aging of motor units that were originally affected by polio virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation or meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord
result from acute infections by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasitic worms, chemical irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TRANSMITTED: primarily inhalation of infected airborne mucous droplets released by infected individuals or through the blood stream via open wounds or invasive procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial in origin, occurs in epidemic form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs as an extension of a primary bacterial upper respiratory tract infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally benign & self-limiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results in increased intracranial pressure resulting in hydrocephalus
leads to severe headache and nuchal rigidity (resistance to neck flexion)
complications: arthritis, myocarditis, pericarditis, neuromotor and cognitive deficits, blindeness & deafness from cranial nerve dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the tissues of the brain and spinal cord
commonly results from viral or amebic infection |
|
|
Term
| mosquito-borne viral encephalitis (arboviruses) |
|
Definition
| transmitted by infectious mosquito bites only (not person to person) |
|
|
Term
| primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) |
|
Definition
Naegleia fowleri
transmitted in water through the nasal passages while swimming (not person to person)
migrages to the brain via the olfactory nerve
almost always fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TRANSMITTED: by direct contact of droplets from respiratory passages or other infected excretions
most commonly associated with herpes simplex type 1 virus (cold sores)
can also occur as a complication of systemic viral infections |
|
|
Term
| general clinical manifestations of encephalitis |
|
Definition
headache, nausea, vomiting, nuchal rigidity
altered level of consciousness, irritability, bizarre behavior (if temporal lobe involved)
altered deep tendon reflexes
ataxia, spasticity, tremors or flaccidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute infection of the bone that can occur from direct or indirect invasion by a pathogen
direct- from open wound
indriect- from systemic infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute contagious osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| an extension of concurrent infection in adjacent soft tissue to the bony area |
|
|
Term
| acute homogenous osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| blood bored infection that generally results from S. aureus (mostly affects infants, children, or chronically ill) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection of the dermis & subcutaneous tissue
can remain localized or disseminate into bloodstream, resulting in bacteremia (rare)
occurs most frequently on face, neck, and legs
groups A and G Streptococcus and S. aureus are usual causative agents |
|
|
Term
| cellulitis manifestations |
|
Definition
fever
abrupt onset of hot, stinging, itchy skin
painful, red, thick lesions that have firm, raised palpable borders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
painful, blistering skin rash due to the varicella-zoster virus, the virus that causes chickenpox
occurs after the virus becomes active again in these nerves years later
patients with outbreak should be placed on CONTACT isolation precautions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st symptoms: one-sided pain, tingling, or burning
red patches on the skin followed by small blisters
blisters break forming small sores that begin to dry and from crusts
crusts fall off in 2-3 weeks
rash usually involves a narrow area from the spine around to the front of the belly area or chest
rash may involve face, eyes, mouth, and ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the patient may have temporary or permanent weakness or paralysis
postherpetic neuralgia: pain from shines may last from months to years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the digestive tract, typically a result of infection
primary cause: viral infection from rotavirus
TRANSMITTED: through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or both
direct and indirect fecal-oral transmission |
|
|
Term
| human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) |
|
Definition
primarily effects function of immune system but eventually affects all body systems either directly or indirectly
TRANSMITTED: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, and through sexual, perinatal, and blood or blood product contact |
|
|
Term
| human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) |
|
Definition
housed primarily on T4 lymphocytes
also found in monocytes, macrophages, uterine cervical cells, epithelial cells of GI tract and microglia cells (CNS cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acue viral disease primarily linked to Epstein-Barr virus and less common to CMV (cytomegaly virus)
TRANSMITTED: through saliva from symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection is typically self limiting in healthy adults in about 3 weeks without any specific treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating or drinking food or water that has been contaminated with infected feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contact with infected blood, sexual fluid, or saliva
sharing injection drug equipment, or tattoo and body-piercing tools
human bite
passed from infected mother to newborn during childbirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sharing injection drug equipment, or tattoo and body-piercing tools
contact with infected blood
sharing razors and toothbrushes
passed from infected mother to newborn during chidbirth
rarely spread through sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
light stool
dark urine
fatigue
fever
nausea
vomiting
loss of appetite
belly ache
yellow skin or eyes (jaundice) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interferon or anti-viral medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interferon and combination therapies |
|
|
