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| In glycolysis, NAD+ is reduced, while _____ is oxidized. What is the net reaction of glycolysis? |
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| There are three reactions that convert glucose into F-1,6-BP. Write that pathway. Which use ATP? Which are spontaneous? What are the enzymes/enzyme classes used? |
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| F16BP is broken into two other molecules, ____, a ketone, and ____, an aldehyde, using a _____ enzyme. Does this reaction, reaction 4, contribute to metabolic flux? What cation is used to increase the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme? |
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| Reaction 5 is a side reaction where we convert the _____ from Reaction 4 into ____. It uses an ____ enzyme just like reaction ____. |
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| Now we have two G3P’s that are converted into ____. One ____ is given off per conversion. A ____ enzyme is responsible. Is this reaction spontaneous? |
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| Can you write out the next four reactions that convert 1,3-BPG into Pyruvate? What are the intermediates? What enzymes are used? Which steps use ATP? Which steps produce ATP? |
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What is the net metabolic flux for glycolysis? Which reactions are responsible
for this? |
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| What is the net reaction for gluconeogenesis? |
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Term
Which reactions of glycolysis are different in gluconeogenesis and
reciprocally regulated? |
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When cells are in a low energy state, they utilize
(glycolysis/gluconeogenesis). When they are in a high energy state, they utilize (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis). |
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(AMP/ATP) is an allosteric activator of glycolysis. (AMP/ATP) is an allosteric
activator of gluconeogenesis. |
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Definition
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| What are the 10 steps used in glycolysis? |
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Definition
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| What are the energy releasing steps of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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| What is the net reaction of gluconeogenesis? |
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Definition
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| What are the 4 new reactions of gluconeogenesis? |
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| How is glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated in muscle and liver cells? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis is the metabolism of converting glucose to pyruvate. |
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Term
| Why is Glycolysis performed? |
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Definition
| Every cell requires ATP from glycolysis, but the metabolism is especially important in cells that lack or that have low abundance of mitochondria (without which oxidative phosphorylation can take place). |
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| Can you write the net stoichiometric reaction for glycolysis? |
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Definition
| 1 Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD^+ --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H^+ + 2 H2O |
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Term
| Can you determine the number of NADH produced in glycolysis based on the change in oxidation numbers? |
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Definition
| Two electrons and a proton (hydride) are transferred in glycolysis to NAD^+ to generate NADH. This happens twice for a total of 4 electrons and 2 hydrides (2 NADH). |
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Term
| What is the net reaction for the first three steps of glycolysis? |
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Term
| How many ATP are used to convert glucose to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate? |
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Definition
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| What are the names of the first three enzymes used in glycolysis and the names of the intermediates formed? |
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Definition
Reaction 1 uses Hexokinase (Glucokinase) to transfer a phosphorus to C-6 of glucose (Glucose-6-Pi).
Reaction 2 (isomerization reaction) uses glucose-6-phosphate isomerase to convert glucose-6-Pi to fructose-6-Pi.
Reaction 3 (2nd kinase reaction) uses phosphofructokinase 1 to transfers a phosphorus from ATP to C-1 of fructose-6-Pi to make fructose-1,6-bis-phosphate. |
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| Which of the first three reactions are spontaneous? |
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