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Glycogen
day three notes of class
52
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
09/07/2010

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Term
Glycogenisis
Definition
the formation of glycogen from glucose occuring when there is plenty of glucose to meet energy needs
Term
Glycogenolysis
Definition
liberates stored glucose for catabolism such as during fasting
Term
What does breaking apart glucose molecules do?
Definition
liberates the energy that is used to synthesize ATP, NADH, FADH2
Term
What are the two different ways ATP is made?
Definition
Substrate phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Term
what is substrate phosphorylation
Definition
a quick "emergancy" way to make ATP
Term
what is oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
the normal way to make ATP. Most ATP is made this way. it has the Electron transport chain and mitochondria.
Term
what is the order of cycles in which ATP is made?
Definition
1 Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate conversion
3 Citric Acid Cycle
Term
what must be available for the transition of pyruvate from glycolysis to Krebs cycle to create NADH
Definition
O2 - water
Term
This builds up during anaerobic excersize..
Definition
Lactic Acid
Term
In the krebs cycle each spin yields..
Definition
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
Term
This works fast but has low yield..
Definition
substrate phosphorylation
Term
In the mitochondria this produces alot of ATP..
Definition
oxidative phosphorylation
Term
For every NADH produced in the Oxidative phosphorylation how many ATP are produced?
Definition
3 ATP
Term
For every FADH2 produced in Oxidative Phosphorylation how many ATP are generated?
Definition
2 ATP
Term
How many ATP are used up in the Glycolysis/Substrate phosphorylation cycle?
Definition
2 ATP
Term
How many steps are there in the Glycolysis cycle
Definition
10
Term
Out of the ten steps in the Glycolysis Cycle which are repeated twice?
Definition
6-10
Term
How many NADH are produced in the Glycolysis cycle?
Definition
4 NADH
Term
After the Krebs cycle/Oxidative phosphorylation how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are generated?
Definition
after two cycles.
6 NADH
2 ATP
2 FADH2
Term
Overall on average how many ATP are generated through Glycolysis and Krebs
Definition
around 36-40
Term
This peaks at meals..
Definition
Insulin
Term
2/3 total body of this is inside your cells..
Definition
water
Term
8% of this is in your plasma
Definition
water
Term
24% of this is between your cells
Definition
BETWEEN your cells
Term
Who has the highest percentage of water content relative to age and weight.
Definition
male infant with 65%
Term
What compartment in your body has the highest concentration of sodium (NA+) ions?
Definition
plasma- interstitial fluid
Term
Insulin is a protein. True or False?
Definition
true!
Term
Which of the following compartments has the highest concentration of proteins:
-Plasma
-intracellular fluid
-intersitial fluid
-plasma: intersistial fluid
Definition
intracellular fluid
Term
What does Flicks Law state?
Definition
Concentration Gradient is the only one that really changes
Term
This regulates movement across the memebrane of excitable cells
Definition
ion channels
Term
These four things can open or close the ion "gate".
Definition
hormones
neurotransmitter
local signals
voltage changes
Term
This is present in large amounts inside and low amounts outside the cell
Definition
CO2- Carbon dioxide
Term
This is low inside the cell because its transferred to H2O.
Definition
O2
Term
what are the four trans-membrane movements of materials
Definition
Simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
primary active transport
secondary active transport
Term
what is simple diffusion
Definition
when the material moves DOWN its concentration gradient. ex) CO2 is high in side cell and low outside
Term
what is facilitated diffusion
Definition
moves down its concentration gradient but needs a transporter to go through membrane
Term
what is primary active transport
Definition
when hydrolysis of ATP drives material to move AGAINST its concentration gradient
Term
what is secondary active transport
Definition
when the ion gradient provides the energy to drive material away from its concentration gradient
Term
This uses ATP directly
Definition
Primary active transport
Term
this is EASY to break and REQUIRES energy to break it.
Definition
phosphate bond in the hydrolysis of ATP
Term
This releases energy
Definition
making bonds
Term
This requires energy
Definition
breaking bonds
Term
Overall ATP hydrolysis ________ Energy
Definition
releases energy due to the new bonds that were formed release more energy than was used to break the bond.
Term
Endocytosis is..
Definition
the process where a cell absorbs molecules from outside using the cell membrane
Term
Exocytosis is..
Definition
when the cell directs is contents of its vesicles out
Term
Transcytosis is...
Definition
when molecules are moved across the membrane of the cell
Term
what are the four types of cell junctions
Definition
leaky
tight
adherens
gap
Term
leaky junctions
Definition
lots of traffic. in the hepatocytes (liver cells)
Term
tight junctions
Definition
prevents traffic. in the kidneys
Term
aherens junction
Definition
stregth. myocardiocytes
Term
aherens junction
Definition
stregth. myocardiocytes
Term
gap junctions
Definition
coordinated excitation. in the smooth muscles
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