Term
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Definition
| the formation of new glucose molecules from precursors in the liver |
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Term
| precursors for gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
| Lactate, pyruvate, alpha keto acids, glycerol |
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Term
| gluconeogenesis reactions |
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Definition
| the reverse of glycolysis except the three irreversible reactions |
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Term
| lactate in gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
Has the cori cycle
in the skeletal muscle, lactate is transferred to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate then glucose |
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Term
| glyercol in gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
fats, a product of fat metabolism
enters gluconeogenesis in the liver via glycerol 3 phosphate then DHAP
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Term
| alanine cycle and gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
pyruvate in the muscles (exercising) is converted to alanine which is transported to the liver and reconverted to pyruvate
this cycle aslo transports NH4+ to the liver
this is similar to the cori cycle |
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Term
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Definition
syntehsis of PEP via the enxymes: pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate carboxykinase
requires ATP or GTP |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of fructose 1,6 bispohsphate to fructose 6 phosphate via the enzyme fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of glucose from glucose 6 phosphate via the liver and kidney specific enzyme glucose 6 phosphatase |
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Term
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Definition
pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate if carboxylated
driven by hydrolysis of ATP
enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl CoA, biotin, Mg2+ |
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Term
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Definition
pyruvate to oxaloacetate co-factor
attached to a lysine residue on the enzyme, carries carbon dioxide
a one carbon carrier |
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Term
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Definition
oxaloacetate to PEP
enzyme- phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, Mg2+ |
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Term
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Definition
| PEP to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate |
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Term
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Definition
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
enzyme- fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
cleaves off a phosphate and leave it free floating
key regulation point |
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Term
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Definition
| fructose 6 phosphate to glucose 6 phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
glucose 6 phosphate to glucose
enzyme- glucose 6 phosphatase
cleaves a phosphate and leave it free floating |
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Term
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Definition
the situation where opposing reactions are catalyzed by different reactions
Ex- Cori Cycle
glucose to lactate occurs in the muscle lactate to pyruvate to glucose occurs in the liver and each set is controled by different enzymes
the energy for cori cycle is the hydrolysis of 2 atp and 2 gtp - this goes for the simultaneous control of the 2 opposing pathways, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
the rate for the process is controlled by substrate availability, allosteric effectors and hormoones
the strongest regulation makes the reaction decision
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Term
| insluin leads to synthesis of |
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Definition
| glucokinase, PFK 1 and PFK 2 |
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Term
| glucagon leads to the synthesis of |
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Definition
| PEP, carboxykinase, fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase and glucose 6 phosphatase |
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Term
| insulin/glucagon ratios exert |
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Definition
the major regulatory effects on carbphydrate metabolism
contorl at pyruvate kinase permits maximal retnetion of PEP |
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Term
| regulation of glucose to pyruvate |
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Definition
| insulin is greater than PFK2 so stimulates production of F2,6P this stimulates PFK1 |
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Term
| regulation: pyruvate to glucose |
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Definition
| glucagon is greater than FBPase 2 but its production decreases, this deactivates F2,6P therefore produces F1,6Bisphosphatase |
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