Term
| What is the mineralcorticoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is are the two actions of Mifeprisone (Ru-486)? |
|
Definition
| Abortion pill that acts as a Glucocorticoids Antagonists and a Progesterone Receptor Antagonist |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone displays an 8 o'clock Diurnal Secretion Variation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Pituitary Hormone triggers the release of Adrenal Cortisol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main Hypothalamic regulator released to trigger the ANterior Pituitary to realease ACTH? |
|
Definition
| CRH (Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the ACTH receptors found? |
|
Definition
| Mainly the Zona Fasciculata and some on the Zona Reticularis |
|
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Term
| Binding of ACTH at the Zona Fasiculata stimulates the release of what? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol from the Adrenal Gland |
|
|
Term
| The use of High-Dose Exogenous Corticosteroids such as Prednisone can negatively feedback inhibit at what level? |
|
Definition
| It will block Pituitary and Hypothalamic stimulation of the Adrenal Glands decreasing endogenous production of Cortisol |
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor molecule for aldosterone |
|
Definition
| corticosterone, cortisol, testoterone, and esrodiol?,Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What is the main enzyme regulated that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone? |
|
Definition
| 20,22-Desmolase, Cholesterol Side Chain Cleavage |
|
|
Term
| Which reaction does the enzyme 20 |
|
Definition
| 22-Desmolase carry out?,It does Cholasterol side cain cleavage in the conversion of Cholesterol to Pregnenolone |
|
|
Term
| What molecules are needed along with 20 |
|
Definition
| 22-Desmolase in order to convert Cholesterol to Pregnenolone?,NADPH, Molecular Oxygen, and the enzyme is a p450 member |
|
|
Term
| Which enzymes are found in the areas of the adrenal cortex which produces Cortisol? |
|
Definition
| 17-alpha hydroxylase, 21-beta hydroxylase, and 11-beta hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| What type of enzymes typically utilize NADPH and molecular oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Cytochrome p450 enzymes, which can be Induced or Inhibited |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in Steroid Hormone action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Steroid bind? |
|
Definition
| To the Glucocorticol Receptor |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Glucocoticol Receptor found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Glucocorticol Receptor bound to? |
|
Definition
| DNA at the Glucocorticoid Response Element |
|
|
Term
| How is Cortisol found in circulation? |
|
Definition
| Bound to Cortisol Binding Globulin |
|
|
Term
| How is Testosterone and Estridiol found in circulation? |
|
Definition
| Bound to Sex Steroid Binding Globulins |
|
|
Term
| Are Hormones typically bound in circulation by globulins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of the Steroid hormone is Lipophilic and able to cross the cell membrane and be active? |
|
Definition
| The Free Form not bound to Globulin |
|
|
Term
| Are there specific nuclear recpetors for the different Steroid Hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the N-terminal region of the Steroid Receptor responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Central region of the Steroid Hormone Receptor responsible for? |
|
Definition
| BInding to the DNA at the Glucocorticoid Receptor Element |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ligand Region of the Steriod Hormone Receptor responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Binding of the Hormone itself |
|
|
Term
| What happens after the Hormone binds the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens after dimerization of the Hormone receptor? |
|
Definition
| BInding to the DNA at the glucocorticoid response element |
|
|
Term
| What happens after binding of the Glucocorticoid Response Element? |
|
Definition
| Activation of the Transactivation Domain with the Trascription Machinery |
|
|
Term
| What is a characterisitic of Steroid hormone Receptors found in the cytoplasm or nucleus? |
|
Definition
| They are found in a Un-Liganded high affinity state |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the chaperones? |
|
Definition
| Keep the Steroid Hormone Recpetors in their HIgh Affinity state until a ligand comes along |
|
|
Term
| What are the chaperones associatted with glucocorticoid receptors? |
|
Definition
| HSP 90, HSP 70, and IP (immunophillin) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the chaperone when a Steroid Hormone binds to the ligand region of the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic structure of a steroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| They have an A,B,C, and D ring |
|
|
Term
| What type of steroid is Cortisol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are Steroids metabolized? |
|
Definition
| Successive reductions in the A ring |
|
|
Term
| Where specifically is Cortisol reduced? |
|
Definition
| Reduction of the 4-5 position 3-Keto Group |
|
|
Term
| What happens to Cortisol after reduction in the metabolization process? |
|
Definition
| Glucoronidation to form a more water soluble product for excretion in the urine |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Adrenal Steroids on Carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| Proteins, and Fat Metabolism?,Increase Plasma Glucose, Increase Mobilization of Amino Acids from Tissue, and Inhibit Glusoce Uptake by fat cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Adrenal Steroids on Electrolyte and Water Metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Increase Sodium Reabsorption, Increase Potassium Secretion, and Inhibit Calcium Absorption from Intestines |
|
|
Term
| What are the Anti-INflammatory and Immunosuppressive effects of Adrenal Steroids? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit Arachadonic Acid (Cyclooxygense2 and Phospholipase A2), Inhibit Cytokine Production and Release (NF Kappa B), and Inhibit production of Adhesion Molecules |
|
|
Term
| Do Adrenal Steroids increase gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Yes so increase plasma glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is a long term effect of Protein Mobilization by Adrenal Steroids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main Adrenal Homrone that regulates Sodium and Potassium flux in the Kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone, Increases Sodium Reabsorption and Potassium Secretion |
|
|
Term
| Does Cortisol have any effect on the Sodium/Potassium exchange? |
|
Definition
| Yes has some mineralcorticoid activity just not as potent as Aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| How does Cortisol act to inhibit Ca absorption in the Gut? |
|
Definition
| Anatagonist of Vitamin D, Also Increase Sodium/Potassium exchange which causes increased Ca excretion in the Feces |
|
|
Term
| What 2 enzymes do Corticosteroids inhibit which lead to Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppresant response? |
|
Definition
| Block Cyclooxygenase 2 and Phospholipase A2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the product of Cyclooxygenase 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does Corticosteroids have on Cytokins? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit their production and release |
|
|
Term
| Which phenonmenon does the anti-Cytokine action of Corticosteroids use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which adhesion molecules can Adrenal Steroids inhibit the production of? |
|
Definition
| ELAM1 and ICAM1 on the endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What hormone basically inhibits the responsiveness to tissue injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only thing corticosteroids are used to TREAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What symptoms can be ALLEVIATED with the use of corticosteroids? |
|
Definition
| Allergic Reactions, Eye Disease, GI Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joint Inflamation, Nephrotic Syndrome, Skin Diseases, and Asthma |
|
|
Term
| What is the half-life of cortisol expressed in? |
|
Definition
| Hours but certainly not Days |
|
|
Term
| What are the three areas of action that synthetic Cortisol are aimed at improving? |
|
Definition
| Increased Half-life, More Potent, Less Salt Retention Activity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 Categories of Glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| Short-acting, Intermediate-acting, and Long-acting |
|
|
Term
| What is Hydrocortisone also known as? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol, Same as Endogenous |
|
|
Term
| Which Glucocorticoid has a baseline value of 1 for anti-inflammatory and salt-retention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What category does Prednisone fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is th anti-inflammatory value of Prednisone? |
|
Definition
| 4 so 4 times the anti-inflammatory action of Cortisol |
|
|
Term
| What is the salt-retention activity of Prednisone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Will prednisone result in Hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Intermediate Glucocorticoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Anti-Inflammatory activity of Triamcinolone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is salt retention activity of Triamcinolone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two Long-Acting Glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| Dexamathasone and Betamethasone |
|
|
Term
| What is the Anti-inflammatory activity of Dexamethasone and Betamethasone (Long-acting)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Salt retention activity of the long acting glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glucocorticoid has a Salt-Retention activity of 250x acting as a potent Mineralcorticoid? |
|
Definition
| Fludrocortisone, also has 10x anti inflammatory activity |
|
|
Term
| Which glucocorticoid is likely to induce HTN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glucocorticoid is often found in the inhalant preparations used to treat asthma? |
|
Definition
| Beclomethasone, Budesonide, and Flunisolide, Intermediate Glucocorticoid |
|
|
Term
| Which glucocorticoids must be activated? |
|
Definition
| Prednisone, Methylprednisone, and Cortisone |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme activates Predisone |
|
Definition
| Methylpredisone, and Cortisone?,Hepatic 11 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of Prednisone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of Methylpredisone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of Cortisone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Steroids usually orally active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is common about Dexamethasone |
|
Definition
| Betamethasone, Triacinolone, and predisone?,Orally Active |
|
|
Term
| Why are topical and inhalant forms of Glucocorticoids developed? |
|
Definition
| To prevet some the side effects of the parental corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Corticosteroid Therapy? |
|
Definition
| 1. Hyperglycemia 2. Retarded Growth in Children 3. Negative Nitrogen and Calcium Balance 4. Sodium Retention 5. Suppression of Hypothalamic, Pituitary, Adrenal Axis 6. Hypertension 7. Muscle Wasting 8. Osteoporosis 9. Mood Disorders 10. Immunsuppression 11. Cataracts in Children |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with using Long-acting Corticosteroids for extended periods of time? |
|
Definition
| Decrease Endogenous Production, so when Exogenous is removed can Tank, Must Ween off Slowly |
|
|
Term
| What side effect of Corticosteroids is reversible? |
|
Definition
| Hyperglycemia or the uncovering of Latent Diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What side effect of corticosteroids is not reverisble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Corticosteroids are often found in Asthma Inhalers? |
|
Definition
| Budesonide and Flunisolide |
|
|
Term
| What is an oral form of Budesonide used to treat and why? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory Bowel DIsease, not readily absorbed so stays in the Bowel Lumen |
|
|
Term
| What is a side effect of Inhaled Steroids? |
|
Definition
| Candidaiasis and Dysphonia, due to immunosupression of local depositions in the mouth |
|
|
Term
| What are oral preparations of Corticosteroids used for? |
|
Definition
| Poison Ivy, Psoriasis, or Itching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs can block Steroid Hormone Synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Ketoconazole, Aminogluthemide which can be used in the Treatment of Cushings Disease |
|
|
Term
| What drug seletively destroys adrenocortical cells and can be used in the treatment of Adrenal Carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can the Inhalant and Topical Preparations lead to parental type side effects? |
|
Definition
| Yes is overly used or placed on a highly vascular area |
|
|
Term
| What are of the man is better to scratch? |
|
Definition
| Scrotum, due to easy absorption of topical steroids |
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