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Stefan-Boltzman Law
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Blackbody Radiation
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| Law stating that the total energy radiated from a black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Energy in space where peak energy emittecd druing visibel layers of spectrum. |
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| Shows the fraction of incident electromagnetic spectrum absorbed by the material over a range of frequencies. Opposite of emissions spectrum. Used to identify certain elements present in a gas or liquid. |
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| One of the two flows. Contains the visivle and UV or the shorter wavelengths. Balance between what is absorbed and what is reflected back out into space. Sun's energy output. |
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| INFARED. This is where the greenhouse effect is put into gear. One of the two energy fluxes. Unbalanced because some of the energy is recycled by the earth and its processes. Earth's energy output |
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| Measure of the flow of radiation from a given radioactive source |
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| The fraction of solar radiation that is reflected from certain surfaces. On water varies due to angle of incidence. Higher latitude, lower albedo. Function of latitude. Albedo high at poles due to lots of snow and ice, and low angles of incidence on water. Seasonal changes affect because of more or less water. |
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| Energy used in phase transition. Heat utilized to change water into different states and is carried upward. |
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| Direct warming from Earth. Use of convection through greenhouse effect. Rises upward. |
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| Created by water vapor. Radiates and absorbs a certain amount of energy upward and downward. More clouds, more water vapor. |
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| Microscopic liquid droplets, dust, or particulate matter that are airborne in the atmosphere. May remain in atmosphere for days or years depending on the type and location. They may reflect, or absorb incoming and outgoing radiation and impact atmostpheric energy and temperatures within surface and atmosphere. Decrease warming because reflect so effects of global warming are muted. |
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| Positive and negative. Basically a cycle or processes that have cause and effect. 1 or great is positive feedback and less than one is negative feedback. Short-term feedbacks are usually positive and its runaway feedbacks that cause warming. |
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| Trapping and recycling of heat. Results in a colling of lower atmosphere. Gases are Methane, Water Vapor, CFCs, and CO2 |
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| CO2 vs. Time from 1956 to presetn. Shows the systematic rise in CO2 levels. Dips in curve are caused by N. Hemipheres summers where plants take in CO2. |
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| Mann's Hockey-Stick Curve |
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| Combined proxy data to come up with curve. Starts at 1000 AD to present. Temperature vs. Time. |
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| Stratospheric Ozone Layer |
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| Lies above troposphere. Lower stratosphere contains ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation warming surrouding atmosphere. Thinner ozone layer from CFCs results in a colder stratosphere because not absorbing radiation. |
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| Contain wind shear and fertilization effects. Wind shear is the difference in wind speed and direction between slightly different altitudes and can determine whteher or not conditions are favorable for tropical cyclone developments. |
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| The continuous movement of water on, above, and below surfaces of the Earth. Water changes states throughout this cycle. Ice, Water, and Vapor |
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| One oxygen and one hydrodgen molecule, OH-. Atmospheres detergent because transforms all manner of gaseous pollutants so that they become soluble in water and wash away in the rain. Called OXIDATION. Life span of a few seconds. Much higher in the tropics and produced by UV radiation. |
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| Could potentially prove to be a negative Co2 feedback. This is where CO2 is "fertilizes" plant growth. CO2 is taken in the photoshynthesis process converting the CO2 into oxygen. |
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| Caused by land-sea thermal contrast which results in spatial variation in sensible heat fluxes and laten heat-flux. Warm water, cool land surface. Vice versa |
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| model deep ocean circulation. Mostly in the atlantic. Carries oxygenated water to deep sea. As atmosphere warms less flux from ocean. Theorized by Wally Broecker. |
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| Huge Whirlpools in N. Atlantic. Giant 'chimneys' in the sea where columns of cold, dense water were sinking from the surface to the seabed 3,000 metres below, but now they have almost disappeared. Maybe they are starting to stop circulating? |
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| acidification is negative feedback. When this happens reduces the production of calcium carbonate so when these species die off, will slightly inrease the ocean's ability to take up CO2. Kills off coral reafs. |
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| Name given to the period roughly from 1645 to 1715, when sunspots became exceedingly rare, as noted by solar observers of the time. Due to sunspot cycles. |
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| precession, obliquity, and eccentricity. Eccentricity is the shape of the orbit Earth. Pulses back and forth. Obliquity or inclination is the tilt or angle of rotation. average is 23.5. Precession is the movement of the Earth's rotation around a cirlce. Pacemaker of the ice age. |
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| simplist explanation is most likely, shaving away unnessesary features. |
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| Because of warmer temperatures, creates extreme weather conditions. |
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| Drought that lasts for decades or centuries |
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| Used by some scientists to describe the most recent period in the Earth's history. It has no precise start date, but may be considered to start in the late 18th century when the activities of humans first began to have a significant global impact on the Earth's climate and ecosystems. |
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| Conatins Stable States and Tipping Points. Tipping points happen when climate goes from one stable state to another stable state. After tipping point, a transition to new state occurs. |
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| equilibrium line, zone of accumulation, zone of ablation |
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| On a glacier, the accumulation zone is the area above the firn line, where snowfall accumulates and exceeds the losses from ablation, (melting, evaporation, and sublimation). The annual Glacier equilibrium line separates the accumulation and ablation zone annually. The accumulation zone is also defined as the part of a glacier’s surface, usually at higher elevations, on which there is net accumulation of snow, which subsequently turns into firn and then glacier ice. |
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| Increasing temperatures result in sea level rise by the thermal expansion of water and through the addition of water to the oceans from the melting of continental ice sheets. Has currently been on the rise for the past couple decades. |
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| Sum of processes includeing photosynthesis, decomp, respiration, weathering, and sedimentation by which carbon cycles betweent it major reservoirs, the atmosphere, living organisms, sediments, and rocks. |
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| Hypothesis that says taht Earth is a homostasis system, self-controlling. |
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| climate sensitive area which may see a vegetation sometime in the future if CO2 levels increase |
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| very climate sensitive area where the ice sheets are melting at a fairly high rate. A lot of research is done here to find out more about climate change. Northernmost colonization |
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| Significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year. However, underlying this seasonal variation, there is an underlying trend of melting as part of a more general process of Arctic shrinkage. |
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Wordie, Larsen, and Ross.
Floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.
In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves. |
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| Permafrost, melting-point isotherm, methane production |
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| Release methane when melted |
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| Huge amounts of methane stored under the seafloor and when warmed, produce a great amount of methane that is released into the atmosphere. |
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| core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice over many years that have re-crystallized and have trapped air bubbles from previous time periods. The composition of these ice cores, especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, provides a picture of the climate at the time. |
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| refers to hypotheses regarding paleoclimatic global-scale glaciation, claiming that the Earth's surface was nearly or entirely frozen at some points in its past. |
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| Glacial-Intglacial Cycles |
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| glacials for colder periods during ice ages and interglacials for the warmer periods. Periods of ice ages. |
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| also referred to as the Big Freeze,[1] was a geologically brief (approximately 1,300 ± 70 years) cold climate period following the Bölling/Allerød interstadial at the end of the Pleistocene between approximately 12,800 to 11,500 years ago,[2] and preceding the Preboreal of the early Holocene. Was a abrupt climate change. |
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| was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region, lasting from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century. It was followed by the a cooler period in the North Atlantic termed as the Little Ice Age. The MWP is often invoked in discussions of global warming. Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were importa |
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| was a period of cooling occurring after a warmer North Atlantic era known as the Medieval Warm Period. three minima with slight warming intervals. |
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Toba and Tambora
Volcanic eruptions can enhance all three of these climate effects to variable degrees. They contribute to ozone depletion, as well as to both cooling and warming of the earth's atmosphere
Tambora known as year without a summer
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| Variations in solar flux or solar energy output. Pulses or massive discharges create these events. |
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| Cycles in oxygen-isotope, water ocillations of the last ice ages. What the temp fluxes deal with. |
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| Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. scientific intergovernmental body[1] tasked to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity. Eventually led to Kyoto Protocol |
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| an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on treaty is intended to achieve "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system |
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| Byrd Polar Research Institute |
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he Byrd Polar center at Ohio State University was established in 1960 as the Institute for Polar Studies. Research foci originally included geology, glaciology, and biology.
Famous for important studies with ice cores and climate change. |
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| prominent innovator in the study of the earth's natural history |
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| Linked Fluctuations to Earth's Orbit in the 1800s |
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| Calculated changes in CO2 and temperature and linked them |
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| Focused on rapied warming or change called tipping point |
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| Bush's top climated modeler despite outspoken warnings about the climate |
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| Drilled low-latitude records. Ice cores and such |
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| Calculated Orbital Paramters |
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| Nobel Prize winner for his work with CFCs and destruction of ozone layer. Coined tern Anthropocene. |
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