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| a form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or authority |
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| a collection of moral and ethical principles enunciated by Confucius |
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| the belief that spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural objects |
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| a pipeline or channel built to carry water into populated areas |
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| land that is suitable for farming |
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| a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility |
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| an early instrument used to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial bodies |
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| a form of trade in which people exchange goods and services without the use of money |
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| a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people |
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| a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government |
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| the strict code of behavior followed by the samurai warriors of Japan |
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| an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit |
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| a crop, such as tobacco, grown for direct sales rather than for livestock feed |
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| social system of the Aryans who settled in India, consisted of priests, warriors, peasants or traders, and non-Aryan laborers or craftsmen |
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| a code of behavior for knights in Medieval Europe, stressing ideas such as courage, loyalty and devotion |
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| a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit |
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| a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping and advanced technology |
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systematically collected and written down laws
ex./Code of Hammurabi
Torah, Bible, Qu'ran
Code of Justinian |
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| the global transfer of plants, animals and diseases that occured during the European colonization of the Americas |
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| the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries |
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| a unified body of law formed from rulers of England's royal judges that serves as a basis for law in many english-speaking countries in modern times |
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| a conqueror, especially one of the 16th century spanish soldiers who defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America, or Peru |
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| one of the expeditions in which medieval christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims |
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| the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another |
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| a people's unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts and ideas |
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| a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.E. |
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| a Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; commonly more powerful than the shogun |
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| A dry, often sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperatures and sparse vegetation |
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| the process of becoming a desert |
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| (HINDUISM) an individual's duty fulfilled by observance of custom or law |
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| a government controlled directly by its citizens |
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| the condition of having or being composed of differing elements |
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| the idea that monarchs are god's representatives on earth and therefore answerable to god |
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| a series of rulers from a single family |
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| (BUDDHISM) the method of spiritual attainment outlined in Buddha's sermons on the Four Noble Truths |
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| a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler |
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| a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it |
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| one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects |
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| an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society |
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| belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
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| the taking away of a person's right of membership in a Christian Church |
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| a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates |
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- the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war (during the dark ages)
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| the responsibility of each person to respect their elders |
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| a revolution of Enlightenment ideas, also known as the bloodless revolution |
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| a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches |
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| a medieval association of merchants or craftsmen |
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| a baptized member of the Roman Catholic Church who disavows a revealed truth |
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| the revival of classical letters, individualistic and critical spirit, and emphasis on secular concerns characteristic of the Renaissance |
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| the actions by which one nation is able to control other usually smaller or weaker nations |
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| a form of government in which the citizens vote for representatives that make decisions for them |
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| the state or condition of being isolated |
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| small, elite group of soldiers from the Ottoman Empire |
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