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| the body of law based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings. common law, which is used in all states in the united states except Louisiana, uses past decisions to interpret statutes and apply them to present situations. also know as English law. |
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| a legal system based on an all-inclusive system of written rules, or codes, of law, generally divided into 3 separate codes; commercial, civil, and criminal. in the U.S. Louisiana is the one state to use code law. |
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| the legal system based on an interpretation of the Koran. Islamic law encompasses religious duties and obligations as well as the secular aspect of law regulating human acts. among its provisions is a prohibition of the payment of interest |
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| Marxist-socialists tenets |
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| the set of views in which law is subordinate to prevailing economic conditions. Marxist socialist tenets influenced the legal systems of Russia and other republics of the former soviet union, as well as china, forcing these nations to revamp their commercial legal code as they become involved in trade with non-Marxist countries. |
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| a non binding agreement between parties to resolve disputes by asking a third party to mediate differences. also know as mediation |
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| A procedure used as an alternative to litigation, in which parties in a dispute may select a disinterested third party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgement that both parties agree to honor. |
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| the process in which a dispute between parties is contested in a formal judicial setting; commonly instigated by a lawsuit asserting one party's version of the facts |
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| the principle, as observed in the united states and other common law nations, that ownership of intellectual property rights usually goes to whoever can establish first use |
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| the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data to provide information useful in marketing decision making |
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| International marketing research |
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| The form of marketing research involving two additional considerations:1 the need to communicate information across national boundaries, and 2 the challenge of applying established marketing techniques in the different environments of foreign markets, some of which may be strange or vexing milieus for the marketer |
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| the process of obtaining information; it should begin with a definition of the research problem and establishment of objectives, and proceed with an orderly approach to the collection and analysis of data. |
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| data collected by an agency or individual other than the one conducting research; often useful in market research. |
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| data collected, as in market research, specifically for a particular research project. |
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| the process in which a document, such as a questionnaire, or phrase is translated from on language to another and then translated by a second party into the original language. Back translations can be used to verify that the first translation. as of a marketing slogan, has the intended meeting for the targeted audience. |
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| a method of translation in which two translators are used to make a back translation; the results are compared, differences are discussed, and the most appropriate translation is used. the method addresses the use of common idioms in the languages being translated. |
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| a method of translation, a variation on back translation, that is a successive process of translation and re-translation of a document, such as a questionnaire, each time by a different translator. The two original language versions are then compared and if there are differences, the process is repeated until the second original language version is the same as the first. |
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| inquiry, analysis, and study of countries and cultures that takes into account differences in language, economic structure, social structure, behavior, and attitude patterns. different methods of research may have varying reliability in different countries. |
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| a method of market estimation in which experts are polled for their opinions about market size and growth rates; used particularly in foreign countries that are new to the marketer.. |
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| a term borrowed from naval charting meaning using at least three differing measures of the same concept to verify the accuracy of any one method. for example, regarding forecast of demand separate opinions of experts, sales Representative, and quantitative economic analyses might be compared. |
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| A method of market estimation that ssums that demand for a prduct devolops in much the same way in all countries as comparable economic development occurs in each country |
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| generally, an increase in national production that results in an increase in average per capita gross domestic product. |
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| Newly industrialized countries (NICs) |
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| countries that are experiencing rapid economic expansion and industrialization |
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| The collective assortment of capital goods that serve the activities of many industries and support production and marketing |
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| Big emerging markets (BEMs) |
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| used to describe the core group of pupulus nations that will account for much of the growth in world trade among developing and newly industrialized countries. |
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| multinational market regions |
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| the groups of countries that seek mutual economic benefit from reducing interregional tariffs and barriers to trade. |
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| a type of regional cooperation that involves an agreement between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate customs duties and nontariff trade barriers among partner countries while members maintain individual tariff schedules for external countries. An FTA requires more cooperation than the arrangement know as the regional cooperation for development. |
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| a stage in economic cooperation that benefits from a free trade areas reduced or eliminated internal tariffs and adds a common external tariff on products imported from countries outside the union. |
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| an agreement that eliminates all tariffs and other restrictions on internal trade, adopts a set of common external tariffs, and removes all restrictions on the free flow of capital and labor among member nations |
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| a fully integrated form of regional co-operation that involves complete political and economic integration, either voluntary or enforced; the most notable example was the now disbanded council for mutual economic assistance (COMECON), a centrally controlled group of countries organized by the soviet union. |
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| treaty signed by 12 nations of the European community creating the European union |
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| an agreement, ratified in 1987, designed to remove all barriers to trade and to make the European community a single internal market. |
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| the seizing of a company's assets without payment prominent example involving US companies occurred in Cuba and Iran |
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| a process by which a host country gradually transfers foreign investments to national control and ownership through a series of government decrees mandating local ownership and greater nation involvement in company management. |
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| the seizure of an investment by a government in which some reimbursement is made to the investment owner; often the seized investment becomes nationalized. |
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| an intense feeling of national pride and unity; an awakening of a nations people to pride in their country. Nationalism can take on an antiforeign business bias. |
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| Political and social activists (PSAs) |
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| individuals who participate in efforts to change the practices and behaviors of corporations and governments, with tactics that can range from peaceful protest to terrorism. |
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| The powers exercised by a state in relation to other countries, as well as the supreme powers of a state as exercised over its own inhabitants |
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