What is the mechanism behind plate tectonics 

slab pull- -Denser oceanic crust pulling lighter (& newer) crust down into mantle 

less dense plates float on more dense plates 

  What is the difference between exponential growth model and logistic growth model?

Exponential

is the graph showing population growth growing endlessly at the point of ideal living conditions 

screen shot in folder 

preagricultural period 

agricultural period 

industrial period 

this was caused by human migration 

slowly over 1 million years

humans expanded into new territories and created tools 

caused by the introduction of agriculture 

stimulated human population growth 

population grew rapidly over 7000 years 

domestication of plants and animals 

industrial period 

caused by industrial revolution

increased food production 

better sanitation and health 

population grew rapidly in 3 centuries 

our current period 

size varies greatly between countries 

compare US and Haiti US footprint is massive compared to Haiti (screenshot in folder) 

groups are 

periods are 

column (number of electron is outer shell)

row (number of shells)

unequal sharing of electron 

the atoms that has a higher electronegativity holds electron more 

is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond    

The more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

An atom is more electronegative the more electrons it has in its outer shell 

Valaence electrons are those in the outermost shell (valence shell)

a single covalent bond or single bond is the sharing of one pair of valence electrons a, c and d

 a double covalent bond double bond is the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

left side of periodic table 

(screenshot in folder)

right of periodic table 

Screenshot in folder 

cation 

more positive 

anion 

more negative 

% of freshwater in freshwater lakes 

level of ground water where below is 100% saturated 

look at screenshots

porosity-percentage of material pore space 

permeability- how well pore space is connected 

shape of material- angular or rounded 

sorting of material- well or poorly sorted 

packing of the material- loosely or tightly packed 

pulling out drinking water from groundwater 

contamination- surface run off point source pollution

subsidence- Combination of excessive withdrawal and poorly consolidated sediment

saltwater intrusion- salt water gets into groundwater

least 

most 

what Decrease with stream order/longitudinal flow 

amount of nutrients stored 

theyre all nutrient pools 

environmental costs with mountain top mining and valley fills 

Loss of topsoil, decreased infiltration

burial of headwater streams 

What proportion of US energy consumption is renewable energy?    

 Why do we not use renewables to a greater extent?

unfamiliar technologies 

economies of scale 

externilized costs if fossil fuels result in low prices 

limited consumer knowledge 

a-No fuel CO2 emission free Domestic

dis- Intermittent, Aesthetics, Impacts to wildlife

advantages and disadvantages of solar power 

Advantages

No Fuel

Relatively inexpensive

Also provides flood control and water storage

Continuous electricity

Disadvantages

Loss of land

Ecosystem disruption

Initial cost

   Environmental costs associated with natural gas extraction

causes earthquakes 

contaminates water 

air emissions from equipment 

noise pollution 

habitat fragmentation 

once done plugged and abandoned 

reactants- hydrocarbon and oxygen 

products - carbon dioxide and water 

tropical zone 

temperate zone 

polar zone

23.5s to 23.5n is the tropical zone warm year round 

23.5s and n to 66.5 s and n is the temperate zone sunlight not as constant not as hot year round

66.5 s and n to 90 s and north polar zone cold year round

Milankovitch cycles 

eccentricity, obliquity, precession    

parts per million 

out of a million 

what the greenhouse effect is difference in short wavelength coming in long wavelength leaving 

long wavelength goes and gets trapped by a beneficial greenhouse effect life evolved under these conditions much colder without greenhouse effect the problem with it is that we are adding a ton to it so energy is getting trapped and temperatures are getting warmer

most abundant greenhouse gas in atmosphere 

albedo effect: indicated how well a surface reflects solar energy

0= everything absorbed

1=everything reflected

earth is at .3

open ocean .06 (it absorbed a lot)

bare sea ice is .5-.7 (reflected a lot)

snow covered sea ice is .9 (90% is reflected    

positive feedback loops 

make things bigger (warming of climate)   

negative feedback loops 

tend to minimize the effect of a disturbance and return to the normal state.

1.     How has sea level changed (rate)?

2 degrees c

2,795 gigations

565 gigations

1.     How much has temperature changed since the late 1800s?

1.     How much has ocean warmed?

1.     What is the trend in average global temperature since the late 1800s?

chemical energy from radiant energy (sun)

cellular respiration

and 

formula

reactions and processes in the cell that create energy and waste

f: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

earths orbit in terms of northern hemisphere

march equinox: nether pole tilts toward sun 

June: NH tilts toward sun day longer than nights more sun 

september equinox: nether poles tilts

December: winter equinox NH tilts away from sun less sunlight day shorter than night 

0-30 

30-60    

precipitacion wet and dry zones with equator 

look at screen shot 

ocean currents formed by differences of temperature of water and salinity of the water. Salinity changes with amount of sunlight water received and all of this can affect the climate    

-topography (mountains) mtn ranges force air to rise along the windward side of the range clouds form and precipitation falls. Little falls on the leeward side, dry air descends and warms, little rain falls here creating a rain shadow

what the greenhouse effect is difference in short wavelength coming in long wavelength leaving

long wavelength goes and gets trapped by a beneficial greenhouse effect life evolved under these conditions much colder without greenhouse effect the problem with it is that we are adding a ton to it so energy is getting trapped and temperatures are getting warmer

1.     Know how greenhouse gasses trap heat (light absorption)

there are certain green house gases that absorbed the light and infared radiation and then emit energy back to earth "trapping gasses" warming the climate 

these gases are carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide sulfur hexafloride

Know how the average (10 year) growth rate in CO2 levels measured at Mauna Loa has changed since the late 50s    

is it how much heat something can absorb before it raise in temperature by 1 degrees 

Be able to explain the exchange between groundwater and surface water-    

mechanism behind plate tectonics