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Definition
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| The Earth was made of what substances that came together |
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Definition
| Dust particles and stony debris |
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| ... accumulate to create a lumpy planetoid |
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| The distance from the Sun beyond which water ice could condense |
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| At the simplest division, how many layerse does the Earth have? |
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Definition
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| At the next level of detail, how many layers does the Earth have? |
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Definition
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| How many types of crust exist on Earth? |
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Definition
| Two. Continental and Oceanic |
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Term
| How many types of lithosphere exist on Earth? |
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Definition
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| What is/are necessary for a planet to have a magnetic field? |
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Definition
| A convecting liquid core and sufficiently rapid rotation |
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| What are the layers of the Earth? |
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Definition
- Inner core
- Outer core
- Inner mantle
- Outer mantle
- Crust
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Definition
| German meteorologist, hypothesized that the continents used to fit together as a single supercontinent he named Pangea. |
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| What major evidence exists in favor of Pangea/ super continent? |
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Definition
| Similar belts of rock, fossils, minerals, and various deposits are found on different continents where they used to fit together |
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Term
| Do the magnetic poles move? |
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Definition
| Yes, they are not parallel with the rotational axis. |
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| Compiled the evidence that new sea floor is created at mid-ocean ridges, moves away from the ridges, and then subducts back into the mantle |
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Definition
| Form when sea-floor rock has the same polarity as the present (normal) magnetic field |
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Definition
| Form when the polarities are opposed |
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Term
| Magnetic anomaly stripes are created as... |
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Definition
| ... the mid-ocean ridge adds new basalt to the spreading oceanic crust |
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Definition
[image]
seafloor spreading - mid ocean ridge (plates moving away from each other) |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
subduction zone - trenches (plates moving into each other) |
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Definition
[image]
fracture zone (plates moving past one another) |
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Definition
| Rigid and composed of the crust and upper mantle. It is brittle, faults occur here. |
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Definition
| The highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely-deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth. |
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Definition
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Definition
Mantle plumes. As a plate drifts over the hotspot, a chain of extinct volcanoes (a "hot spot track") forms
e.g. - hawaiian islands |
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Term
| The zone of the Earth that is divided into plates is the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The observation of magnetic anomalies that constitute magnetozones are found as far back in time as one can find appropriate rocks to measure indicates that |
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Definition
| the Earth has always had a convecting portion of its core over that time period |
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Term
| The Earth's ocean floor has been created and destroyed at least _______ times over the age of the planet |
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Definition
| age of the earth (4.5 billion) / ocean crust age (180 million) ~ 22.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| Mafic rock, apprx 7km, rich in Fe and Mg |
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Definition
| Felsic, intermediate, and mafic rock. 18-40km, rich in salica |
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| How the Earth's rotation changes the shape of our planet and how our planet responds to tides |
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Definition
| Buoyancy effect determines altitute of large scale things |
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Definition
(0P2) goes one way, then returns and oscillates the other way
e.g. - jello |
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Definition
(0T1) oscillates back and forth
e.g. - cars |
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Term
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Definition
BODY WAVES
P-waves and S-waves |
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Term
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Definition
- Displacement is in the direction of its motion
- e.g. - sound waves
- Gases and liquids ONLY support p waves as they are not elastic
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Definition
- Displacement is perpendicular to its motion
- Move through different kind of rocks, depending on their elasticity and velocity of the wave
- P waves are always faster than S waves
- Porous rocks have a slower wave velocity
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Definition
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| Curved lines, depending on the density of the rock and the velocity of the wave |
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| Plot of temperature vs. depth within the Earth |
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Definition
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| We know the inner core is at least partially a liquid because |
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Definition
| P waves can travel through it |
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Definition
| the surface of uniform gravity on Earth |
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Term
| What do the s wave shadow zone map out? |
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Definition
| the core - mantle boundary |
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Term
| Seismic wave velocities in the earth... |
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Definition
generally increase with depth
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Term
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Definition
- Magma
- Asteroids bombarding the surface constantly
- Toxic atmosphere (no oxygen)
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Definition
- Crusts forming (continental and oceanic)
- First signs of primitive life (single cell organisms)
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Definition
- First signs of abundant life
- Lasting almost 2 billion years
- Earth becomes a giant snowball for a while
- But it did melt eventually, and lots of life happened because of it
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Term
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Definition
- phaneros = visible, zoic = life
- Paleozoic - ancient life, Mesozoic - middle life, Cenozoic - recent life
- continents become more similar to present day
- water organisms eventually followed the bugs out of the water as flora and fauna began developing
- coal swamps
- dinos
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Term
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Definition
- Displacement
- Rotation
- Distortion
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Definition
| Change in location (relative to the things around it) |
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Definition
| Change in spectral orientation (tilting) |
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Definition
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Definition
- stress (force per unit area)
- strain (fraction of volume change)
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Definition
- Stretching
- Shortnening
- Shear
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Definition
- Brittle: shallower crust, rocks break by fracturing
- Ductile: higher P and T conditions which causes rocks to deform by flowing and folding
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Term
| Whether you have brittle or ductile depends on... |
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Definition
- temperature
- pressure
- strain rate (composition)
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Definition
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Definition
| occurs when the ends of an object are pulled apart, which stretches and thins the material |
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Definition
| Develops when surfaces slide past one another |
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Definition
| occurs when an object feels the same stress on all sides |
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Definition
normal fault
reverse fault
thrust fault |
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Definition
| the hanging wall moves down the fault slope (most common in regions experiencing crustal tenstion |
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Definition
| the hanging wall moves up the fault slope. (most common in regions experiencing horizontal compression) |
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| a special type of reverse fault with a dip below 35 degrees |
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Definition
fault motion parallel to the strike of the fault.
left lateral - opposite block moves to observer's left
right lateral - opposite block moves to the observer's right |
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Definition
| Layered rock may be deformed into complex folds by tectonic compression |
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Definition
Horizontal compression causes rocks to buckle Shear causes rocks to fold over themselves
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Definition
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| Where hinges are lifted (elevated) |
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| A fold with the appearance of an overturned bowl. A dome exposes older rocks in the center |
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Definition
| fold shaped like an upright bowl. A basin exposes younger rocks in the center. |
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Definition
planar rock fractures formed from tensile stress in brittle rock
[image] |
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Definition
fractures filled with minerals
[image] |
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Definition
- continental collision
- convergent boundaries
- continental rifting
- delamination
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Definition
| Ductile rock eventually flows out from beneath high mountains, which then settle downward like soft cheese. The upper brittle crust breaks into faults. |
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Definition
| continental crust that hasn't been deformed in 1 Ga |
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Definition
Shields: consist of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks
Platforms: sedimentary cover that is draped over shield rock |
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Definition
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| deformation expressed as a fraction of original body geometry |
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| If a rock has deformed by faulting this is an indication that the deformation occured in |
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Definition
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Definition
| represent the release of energy stored as elastic deformation of rocks propagated by seismic waves |
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Definition
| tectonic forces add stress (push, pull, or shear) to rock |
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Term
| Richter scale (Mr) is best used near... |
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Definition
| The epicenter. Moment Magnitude scale (Mw) is the most accurate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rupture Area* Displacement Amount * Rock Shear Strength |
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Definition
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Definition
| location where the fault slip occurs. It is usually on a fault surface |
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| is the amount of movement accross a fault |
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| Smaller tremors indicating crack development in rock. They may warn of an impending large earthquake |
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| Convergent plate boundaries have... |
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Definition
| shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes |
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| Earthquakes cease below... |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Rayleigh Waves, Love Waves |
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Definition
| intersect the ground. Make the found ripple like water in the wind. Up and down motion |
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Definition
| perpendicular to the way they travel, side to side motion |
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Term
| Order of waves during an earthquake |
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Definition
- Vertical P waves
- Vertical S waves (cause extensive damage)
- L waves
- R waves
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Term
| Why do earthquakes kill people? |
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Definition
| They don't. Buildings do. |
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Term
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Definition
- Ground shaking
- Liquefaction (causes soil to lose all strength)
- Landslides and Avalanches
- Tsunamis
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Term
| Earthquakes have precursors, they are: |
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Definition
- clustered foreshocks
- crustal strain
- level changes in wells
- gases (Rn, He) in wells
- unusual animal behaviour
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Term
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Definition
| earthquakes acting like lasers |
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