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| By March 1933, banking had been suspended in a majority of the states'that is, people could not gain access to money in their bank accounts. Roosevelt declared a bank holiday,temporarily halting all bank operations |
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| Extraordinarily productive first three months of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration in which a special session of Congress enacted fifteen of his New Deal proposals. |
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| Public Works Administration |
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| One section of the National Industrial Recovery Act created the Public Works Administration (PWA), with an appropriation of $3.3 billion. Directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, it built roads, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. |
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| Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed. |
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| Works Progress Administration |
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| Part of the Second New Deal, it provided jobs for millions of the unemployed on construction and arts projects. |
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| Under Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier, the administration launched an “Indian New Deal.” Collier ended the policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy. He replaced boarding schools meant to eradicate the tribal heritage of Indian children with schools on reservations, and dramatically increased spending on Indian health. |
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| This legislation made it a federal crime to ''teach, advocate, or encourage'' the overthrow of the government. |
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| Beginning in March 1937, the Court suddenly revealed a new willingness to support economic regulation by both the federal government and the states. It upheld a minimum wage law of the state of Washington similar to the New York measure it had declared unconstitutional a year earlier. |
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| Created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare). |
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| Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. |
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| Permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement in World War II. |
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| System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942 under which tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States to work temporarily in agricultural jobs in the Southwest; lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time. |
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| Private advertising celebrated the achievements of Rosie the Riveter, the female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self-reliant in Norman Rockwell’s famous magazine cover. |
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| The “zoot suit” riots of 1943, in which club-wielding sailors and policemen attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing on the streets of Los Angeles, illustrated the limits of wartime tolerance. |
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| In February 1942, the Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war—the “double-V.” Victory over Germany and Japan, it insisted, must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home. |
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| FDR’s Executive Order 9066 |
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| Promulgated in February 1942, this ordered the expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast. |
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| The United States commitment to preventing any further expansion of Soviet power. |
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| President Harry S. Truman's program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries�particularly Greece and Turkey�threatened by communism. |
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| U.S. program for the reconstruction of post�World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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| Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe. |
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| House Un-American Activities Committee |
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| Formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975. |
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| Germany, Italy, and Japan |
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| To agree to Hitler's demands, in hopes of preventing war. |
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| The U.S., Great Britain, and Russia |
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| Germany Invades Poland ( Start of WW2) |
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| Pearl Harbor attacked ( U.S. enteres the war) |
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| Atomic bombs dropped on Japan (WW2 ended) |
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| National Youth Administration |
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| Created in 1935 as part of the Works Progress Administration, it employed millions of youths who had left school. |
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| (FDR's New Deal 1933-36) Relief for the unemployed and poor, Recovery of the economy, and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. |
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| foreign affairs belief that if one country fell to communism, adjacent countries would follow |
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| A phrase introduced by Winston Churchill that suggested that the Russians had erected a barrier between the free world and the Communist world |
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| the belief that all Communist regimes were controlled by and sympathetic to the Soviet Union |
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| a thawing in the Cold War; establishment of better relations with the Soviet Union |
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| (1955-91) a mutual defense treaty subscribed by eight communist states in Eastern Europe. It was established at the Soviet Union's initiative and realized on 14 may 1955, in Warsaw. |
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| After Berlin was blocked off, the U.S. began to airlift supplies into it. |
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| fall of mainland China to Communism |
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| in 1949, communist led by Mao zedong emerged victorious in the long chinese civil war. |
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| He won the election to the Senate in 1946. His downfall came in 1954 when a senate committtee investigated his charges that the army had harbored and coddled communist. |
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| 1950-1953 UN police action in which security council voted (except USSR who boycotted) to go to war because communist n. korea attacked s. korea |
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| the U.S. as “the arsenal of democracy” |
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| supply weapons to those fighting against japan and germany |
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| Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution written under Gen.MacArthur and the Japanese Occupation |
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| "...The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes." Article 9 went on to abolish all land, sea and air military forces. |
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