Term
Quantitative Spatial Analysis: A quantative approach |
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Definition
1. Visualization: draw map to look for spatial patterning or visual evidence of association with social or environmental factors
2. Exploratory Spatial Data analysis: using graphical and statistical methods to explore the data (involves more rigour search for spatial patterning)
3. Modelling and Testing Hypothesis: more formal stats |
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Term
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Definition
Gis is a computerized system that integrates hardware, software, data capturing, managing, analyzing and displaying all forms of spatial data (like geographically referenced information or location defined) |
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Term
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Definition
1. digitalized and scanned maps (user generated, could be purchased, donated, free)
2. data bases
3. GPS: global positioning system
4. field sampling of attributes
5. Remote sensing & Aerial Photography |
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Term
| What are the 2 ways to visualize the data? |
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Definition
1- Raster - grid
pixels, a location and value, satellite images and aerial photos are already in this format
2- Vector - linear
- points, lines & polygons
- includes features: (house, lakes,)
- attributes (size, type, length...) |
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Term
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Definition
appending latitude and longitude to an address |
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Term
what is the difference between a feature and an attributed |
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Definition
a feature is anything on a map, where an attributes are characteristics of features |
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Term
| what is thematic mapping? |
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Definition
| vizualation of feature attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| specified area around a point |
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Term
3 applications in public health |
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Definition
1. mapping health outcomes
2. analyzing clusters of health events/outcomes
3. analyzing environmental hazards (contaminantion, water, lead, air pollution) |
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Term
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Definition
| the people who because of their age or gender can contract the health problem of interest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how to define the scale/geographic unit of analysis of where the clustering occurs? |
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Definition
1. has to be meaningful
2. large enough to be visible on the map to avoid small number of problems + protect confidentiality
3. small enough to reveal micro patterns of importance + precise/valid ecological modelling
4. similarly sized: for valid comparisons between geographic areas
5. a scale reflective of underlying disease process being studied |
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Term
| Explain the small number problem. |
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Definition
- small population areas = difference of 1 or 2 cases make huge differences in incidence or prevalence rates
WHY: the calculated rates of disease for areas (that differ in risk population size) have different degrees of variability
- rates for areas with small population = vary more + less reliable that those with big population |
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Term
| modifiable areal unit problem |
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Definition
when point based measures (population, densities, etc) of spatial phenomenon are aggregated into districts.
these districts can be modifiable |
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Term
Spatial autocorrelation
which one between + or - is more common in health research? |
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Definition
assuming we have a map of disease incidence, the question will be if areas with high incidences cluster together or they are randomly distributed
+ autocorrelation (clustered) = similar values are adjacent
- autocorrelation (dispersed) = high are adjacent to low |
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Term
| Explain the harzard-exposure-dose-response model |
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Definition
| Model tracking the introduction of a hazard agent and its journey to reach target, from due to dose accumulation and clinical effects |
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