Shared Flashcard Set

Details

GIS Final
Chapters 1-9;11
262
Geography
Undergraduate 4
04/12/2014

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
absolute pathname
Definition
a file pathname that starts at the drive letter
Term
active frame
Definition
the data frame that is visible and responds to changes by the user
Term
Adjacency
Definition
a spatial condition that quantifies whether one feature touches another
Term
affine transformation
Definition
a process to translate, rotate or skew an image to fit a new coordinate system
Term
alias
Definition
an alternate name displayed for a field in a table that does not have to follow length and character restrictions
Term
annotation
Definition
labels crated from map features and sorted separately for detailed editing
Term
append
Definition
a function that combines features from two different feature classes
Term
ArcToolbox
Definition
a set of functions and commands for processing spatial data
Term
ASCII
Definition
an international code used to store simple texts letters, numbers and symbols; synonymous with "text file"
Term
attribute field
Definition
a column in a table containing information about spatial features
Term
attribute query
Definition
an operation to extract specific records of information from a vile based on values in the records
Term
attribute table
Definition
a table containing rows if information for features
Term
Attributes
Definition
information about map features stored in columns of a table
Term
automatic scaling
Definition
fitting the contents of a data from within a specified rectangle
Term
azimuth
Definition
a measurement of compass direction in 360 degrees with 0=north
Term
azimuthal projection
Definition
a map projection onto a flat plane that is tangent or secant to the earth's surface
Term
Band
Definition
a single array of values stored in a raster, which may store one array or many
Term
barrier
Definition
an object that prevents flow or travel in a network
Term
bilinear
Definition
a resampling method that interpolates a new cell value based on the four closest values
Term
binary
Definition
numeric data stored in base 2 as a series of ones and zeroes; a computer's native data storage format
Term
block function
Definition
an analysis function that moves over a raster in adjacent non-overlapping neighborhoods
Term
Boolean operator
Definition
operators (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) that evaluate a pair of true or false propositions and return a true or false result.
Term
Boolean overlay
Definition
evaluating rasters with Boolean operators to evaluate areas where combinations of specific conditions exist
Term
Boolean raster
Definition
a raster with cells that contain a 1 to indicate true or 0 to indicate false regarding a specified condition
Term
buffer
Definition
the delineated area within a specified distance of a feature
Term
byte
Definition
a unit of data storage in base 2 containing eight zeroes or ones and holding a number from 0 to 255
Term
cardinality
Definition
the relationship between records in two tables: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one or many-to-many
Term
categorical data
Definition
data that place objects into unranked groups; examples are land use and geology data
Term
Cell/pixel
Definition
a square data element in a raster corresponding to one value representing conditions on the ground
Term
central meridian
Definition
the central longitude of a map projection for which the x coordinate equals zero
Term
chart map
Definition
a map showing several different attributes in chart form, with one chart for each feature
Term
classification
Definition
assigning features to two or more groups based on numeric values in an attribute field
Term
classified
Definition
a raster display method that divides values into two or more groups based on their numeric values
Term
choropleth map
Definition
a map in which each feature, such as state, is colored according o the values in a data field
Term
clip
Definition
to remove features and portions of features that lie outside of the features of another layer
Term
colormap
Definition
a set of defined colors matched to specific values to be assigned to an attribute, such as land use codes
Term
conic projection
Definition
a map projection derived by projecting latitude-longitude values on a paper cone covering a sphere
Term
Connectivity
Definition
a property of linear features when they are connected to each other via junctions
Term
containment
Definition
the property of one feature including another in whole or in part
Term
continuous
Definition
data that take on a variety of values and that change rapidly across a data set, such as elevation
Term
continuous
Definition
data that take on a variety of values and that change rapidly across a data set, such as elevation
Term
coordinate pair
Definition
a single pair of x and y values indicating position in a planar coordinate system
Term
coordinate space
Definition
the range of x and y values onto which maps are plotted
Term
coordinate system
Definition
1) a specified range of x-y values onto which a map is plotted; 2) the definition of a coordinate space used by a map layer including the ellipsoid, datum and projection
Term
coordinate system
Definition
1) a specified range of x-y values onto which a map is plotted; 2) the definition of a coordinate space used by a map layer including the ellipsoid, datum and projection
Term
coverage
Definition
the spatial data format crated for and used by ArcInfo
Term
cubic convolution
Definition
a resampling method that interpolates a new cell value from the 16 closest input cells
Term
cylindrical projection
Definition
a map projection derived by projecting spherical latitude-longitude values onto a cylinder wrapped around about a sphere
Term
data frame
Definition
a container holding layers that are viewed and analysed together; a map view
Term
data frame
Definition
a container holding layers that are viewed and analysed together; a map view
Term
Data View
Definition
the data frame mode optimized for the display and analysis of map data
Term
datum
Definition
a combination of an earth ellipsoid and a reference point to reduce mapping discrepancies
Term
datum
Definition
a combination of an earth ellipsoid and a reference point to reduce mapping discrepancies
Term
datum
Definition
a combination of an earth ellipsoid and a reference point to reduce mapping discrepancies
Term
dBase
Definition
a database program whose file format has been adopted for the shapefile data model and tables in ArcGIS
Term
Define Projection tool
Definition
a tool to guide the user through the task of assigning a coordinate system to a spatial data layer
Term
defined interval
Definition
a classification method in which the user specifies a size range for all the classes
Term
definition query
Definition
an operation to set a map layer to display only he features whose attributes meet specific criteria
Term
degrees
Definition
the measurement units used in the spherical coordinate system, a circle has 360 degrees
Term
destination table
Definition
the table that receives data from another table during a join operation
Term
digital elevation model
Definition
(DEM) a raster array of values representing elevations at the earth's surface
Term
digital raster graphic
Definition
(DRG) a scanned image of a USGS topographic map
Term
discrete
Definition
data that take on a relatively small number of distinct values
Term
discrete
Definition
data that take on a relatively small number of distinct values
Term
dissolve
Definition
to combine features together when they share the same value for an attribute
Term
distance join
Definition
a join that combines the information from two feature tables based on the features that lie closest to each other
Term
division units
Definition
the units in which a map scale bar is measured and drawn, such as miles of kilometers
Term
division value
Definition
the length of one section of a scale bar as given in division units, such as 100 km
Term
divisions
Definition
the number of sections given to a scale bar
Term
domain
Definition
the rule that determines the values that may be entered into an attribute
Term
dot density map
Definition
a map representing attribute values by a proportional number of randomly selected place dots
Term
double-precision
Definition
a numeric value stored using 16-bytes of information
Term
dynamic labels
Definition
labels determined from an attribute and played on a map automatically each time features are drawn and redrawn
Term
dynamic labels
Definition
labels determined from an attribute and played on a map automatically each time features are drawn and redrawn
Term
edge
Definition
1) a line feature that participates in a geometric network; 2) a shared boundary between two features being edited using topology
Term
ellipsoid
Definition
a spheroidal volume with unequal axes, used to approximate the shape of the earth in map projections
Term
Environment settings
Definition
program-level or tool-level setting that impact how tools run or set characteristics of the output such as cell size or coordinate system
Term
equal intervals
Definition
a classification method in which the user specifies a number of classes that have equal size ranges
Term
erase
Definition
an overlay function that removes features lying inside the external boundary of another polygon feature class
Term
Euclidian distance
Definition
the straight line distance between two points
Term
event layer
Definition
a map layer of points created from a series of coordinate pairs in a table
Term
export
Definition
to create a new data file from all or a subset of features in an existing one
Term
expression
Definition
a statement containing field names, values, and/or functions used to calculate values in a table
Term
extent
Definition
the range of x-y coordinates displayed in a map or stored in a data layer
Term
false easting
Definition
an arbitrary x-coordinate translation applied to a map projection, usually to ensure that all values are positive
Term
false northing
Definition
an arbitrary y-coordinate translation applied to a map projection, usually to ensure that all values are positive
Term
feature
Definition
a spatial object composed of one or more x-y coordinate pairs and having one or more attributes in a single record of an associated table
Term
feature class
Definition
a set of similar objects with the same attributes stored together in a spatial data frame
Term
feature dataset
Definition
a set of feature classes in a geodatabase that share a common coordinate system and can participate in networks and topology
Term
feature service
Definition
an internet map layer in which the actual features re available for display, query and sometimes edition
Term
FID
Definition
(feature ID) a unique number assigned to every feature in a spatial data vile and used for identification and tracking
Term
field
Definition
a single column of information in a data table
Term
field definition
Definition
parameters specified which creating an attribute field including type of data, filed length, precision and scale
Term
field length
Definition
the maximum number of characters that can be stored in a text attribute field
Term
filter
Definition
a moving window applied to a raster data layer that calculates new values for the center pixel based on some functions of the values in the window
Term
fixed scale
Definition
a constraint applied to a data frame to prevent the scale of the map from being changed in layout mode
Term
fixed extent
Definition
a constraint applied to a data frame to prevent changes in scale or extent in layout mode
Term
flag
Definition
a marker showing a point of interest in a network, such as a start point or endpoint for a path or a stop along a route
Term
flat file database
Definition
a database that store data in simple files
Term
focal function
Definition
raster analysis functions that determine new values for a target cell based on values in a moving neighborhood around the target
Term
folder connection
Definition
1) a link in ArcCatalogue and ArcMap that points to a folder with GIS data and serves as a shortcut to frequently used folders; 2) a link o a DBMS allowing data to be transferred
Term
geographic coordinate system
Definition
a spherical coordinate system of degrees of latitude and longitude that is used to locate features on the earth's surface
Term
geographic coordinate system
Definition
a spherical coordinate system of degrees of latitude and longitude that is used to locate features on the earth's surface
Term
geoid
Definition
the shape of the earth as defined by a mean sea level and affected by topographic and gravitational factors
Term
geometric interval
Definition
a classification method that bases the class intervals on a geometric series in which each class is multiplied by a constant coefficient to produce the next higher class
Term
geometric network
Definition
a system of linear edges and point junctions used to model the flow of commodities such as traffic or utilities.
Term
geoprocessing
Definition
analysis of spatial data layers such as dissolving, intersecting and merging
Term
geoprocessing service
Definition
an analysis tool provided by a GIS server in which the processing is done on the server rather than on the client's device
Term
georeferenced
Definition
a spatial data layer that is tied to a specific location on the earth's surface for display with other data
Term
georeferenced
Definition
a spatial data layer that is tied to a specific location on the earth's surface for display with other data
Term
graduated color map
Definition
a map that divides numeric data from a polygon feature class into classes based on value and displays the classes with different colours
Term
graduated symbol map
Definition
a map that divides numeric data from a line or point feature class into classes based on a value and displays the classes with different size or thickness of symbols
Term
graphic text
Definition
text placed on a map layout that is not associated with a feature attribute, can be manipulated by the Drawing tools
Term
graticule grid
Definition
marks of a latitude and longitude placed on a map boundary
Term
grid
Definition
1) specific raster format native to GRID and Spatial Analyst; 2) generic term for a raster data set
Term
ground control points
Definition
a set of points that match easily identifiable locations on two different data layers to enable georeferencing of one layer to another
Term
hierarchical database
Definition
a database that stores information in tables with permanent links between them
Term
histogram
Definition
a graph showing the number of pixels contained for each data value in a raster
Term
image
Definition
a raster data layer, usually referring to a raster that displays brightness values as in a photograph
Term
inside join
Definition
combining the information from two feature tables based on one feature that lies inside another
Term
interactive selection
Definition
extracting one or more feature by manually picking them from the screen with selection tools
Term
interpolation
Definition
to calculate values at locations between known measurements, to populate a raster with values extrapolated from a known set of point values.
Term
intersect
Definition
an operation to overlay two spatial data layers and find the areas common to both while discarding areas unique to either
Term
intersection
Definition
the property of two features touching each other in while or in part
Term
intersection
Definition
the property of two features touching each other in while or in part
Term
interval data
Definition
values that follow a regular scale but have no natural zero point, such as degrees Celsius or pH
Term
Jenks method
Definition
a way to classify numeric data into ranges defined by naturally occurring gaps in the data histogram
Term
join
Definition
the temporary combination of data from the two tables based on a common attribute field or location
Term
junction
Definition
a point connecting two linear edges of a geometric network
Term
key
Definition
an attribute field that is used to extract or match records in a table
Term
latitude
Definition
a spherical unit measuring angular distance north or south from the equator
Term
latitude of origin
Definition
the referenced latitude of a map projection where the y value is zero
Term
layer
Definition
a reference to a feature class and its associated properties
Term
layer
Definition
a reference to a feature class and its associated properties
Term
layer file
Definition
a file that stores a pointer to spatial data along with information on how to display it
Term
layer package
Definition
a file sent from a GIS server with the symbol properties and necessary data included for use
Term
Layout view
Definition
a mode of Arc Map that is used to design and crate a printed map and that allows manipulation of map layers, titles, scale bars, north arrows etc.
Term
Layout view
Definition
a mode of ArcMap that is used to design and crate a printed map and that allows manipulation of map layers, titles, scale bars, north arrows etc.
Term
logical consistency
Definition
a measure of how well data features represent real-word features in particular with respect to topology
Term
logical expression
Definition
a statement composed of field names, operators and values that specifies criteria used to select records or values from a layer on a table
Term
logical network
Definition
information stored in separate tables keeps track of relationships between elements of a network
Term
logical operators
Definition
functions such as >, <, or = that compare values and generate a true or false result
Term
longitude
Definition
a spherical unit of measuring angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian
Term
mantissa
Definition
the part of an exponential number that stores the significant digits
Term
map algebra
Definition
a system that permits calculations and operations on entire raster arrays, such as adding two rasters together
Term
map elements
Definition
objects placed on a map layout, such as titles, legends, scale bars, north arrows, images and charts
Term
map extent
Definition
the range of x-y values of the area being displayed on the map
Term
map overlay
Definition
to combine two spatial data layers, either for display or to evaluate the relationships between them
Term
map units
Definition
the units of the coordinate system in which a map is stored or displayed
Term
measurement grid
Definition
a data frame grid that provides measured x-y coordinate system values around the perimeter of the frame
Term
merge
Definition
1) to combine two or more map features into one feature; 2) to combine two or more data layers into a single layer
Term
metadata
Definition
information stored about data to document its source, history, management, uses and more
Term
Model Builder
Definition
a graphical interface used to combine existing tools to create new tools and scripts
Term
multipart feature
Definition
a single feature composed of nontouching units, such as a single state feature composed of the seven Hawaiian islands
Term
nearest neighbor
Definition
a resampling method for discrete data that grabs the closest value to a cell center
Term
neatline
Definition
a line used to enclose one or more map elements in a rectangle
Term
neighborhood functions
Definition
calculation of a value for a target cell or feature based on surrounding values from a defined region
Term
network topology
Definition
an association of linear edges and connecting points, used to model the flow of a commodity, such as traffic or utilities
Term
network weights
Definition
values associated with network elements that indicate the "cost" to traverse the element
Term
NoData
Definition
a special value used to designate that a data value is absent or unknown
Term
node
Definition
the beginning and endpoint of a line feature
Term
nominal data
Definition
values that name or identify an object such as a street name
Term
normalized data
Definition
to divide the values of an attribute field by the total of the field or by the values in another field
Term
North American Datum
Definition
(NAD) a combination of a spheroid and reference point that is used to minimize map distortion in North America
Term
numeric data
Definition
values stored as numbers rather than names or categories
Term
oblique projection
Definition
a map projection in which locations on a sphere are projected into a cylinder of cone of paper at an arbitrary angle
Term
ordinal data
Definition
data values that indicate a rank or ordering system
Term
origin
Definition
the (0,0) point of a coordinate system
Term
orthographic projection
Definition
a map projection in which locations on a sphere are projected onto a planar surface
Term
overlap
Definition
a spatial condition that quantifies whether one feature covers all or part of another feature
Term
parameter
Definition
1) specific value associated with map projections that define how it appears; 2) a variable that serves as an input method to a model
Term
parameters
Definition
1) specific value associated with map projections that define how it appears; 2) a variable that serves as an input method to a model
Term
pathname
Definition
a list of the folders that must be transversed to locate a particular file such as c:\mgisdata\usa\states.shp
Term
planar topology
Definition
an association of feature classes in a feature dataset established by rules regarding the spatial relationships between features, such as not overlapping each other
Term
point
Definition
a one-dimensional feature defined by a single x-y coordinate pair
Term
polygon
Definition
a closed, two dimensional area feature defined by three or more x-y coordinate pairs
Term
precision
Definition
the number of digits allotted to store a numeric value
Term
precision
Definition
the number of digits allotted to store a numeric value
Term
Prime Meridian
Definition
the line of zero longitude on the earth, passing through Greenwich England
Term
Project tool
Definition
a tool that converts a feature class from one coordinate system to another
Term
projection
Definition
a mathematical transformation that converts spherical units of latitude and longitude to a planar x-y coordinate system
Term
proportional symbol map
Definition
a map that displays attribute values with marker or line symbols that are proportional in size relative to the value of the feature
Term
proximity
Definition
the property of one feature being close to another feature
Term
pyramids
Definition
a set of rasters with different resolutions that is calculated from a raster and sued to speed displays at smaller scales
Term
quantile
Definition
a classification method that divides the data into the specified number of quantiles, so that each class has the same number of features
Term
query
Definition
an operation to extract records from a database according to a specified set of criteria
Term
query
Definition
an operation to extract records from a database according to a specified set of criteria
Term
raster
Definition
a data set composed of an array of numeric values, each of which represents a condition in a square element of ground
Term
ratio data
Definition
data having a regular scale of measurement and a natural zero point, such as precipitation or population
Term
reclassify
Definition
to replace sets or ranges of values in a raster with different sets or ranges of values
Term
record
Definition
a row in a table containing one object
Term
rectify
Definition
to rotate, resize or wrap an image to match a map base using a selected set of ground control points
Term
reference grid
Definition
a dataframe grid that provides lettered and numbered squares on a map for use with an index of the features
Term
reference scale
Definition
the scale at which text or symbols appear at their assigned size
Term
referenced latitude
Definition
the latitude of origin, see also latitude of origin
Term
relate
Definition
a temporary association between two tables based on a common field whereby fields may be selected based on whether they match selected records in he other table
Term
relational database
Definition
a database that stores information in tables and constructs temporary relationships between them
Term
relative pathname
Definition
path to a file that starts in the current folder
Term
resampling
Definition
to change the resolution of a raster using a defined strategy to convert values from one cell grid to another
Term
resolution
Definition
1) the ground area represented by one cell value in a raster; 2) the default storage precision of a vector data set
Term
resolution
Definition
1) the ground area represented by one cell value in a raster; 2) the default storage precision of a vector data set
Term
RGB composite
Definition
an image displayed by assigning one band of brightness information to each red, green and blue color gun in a display monitor
Term
RMSE
Definition
the root mean squared differences between a set of original and translated points
Term
rubbersheeting
Definition
a process to deform a raster to fit it to a new coordinate system
Term
Rule of Joining
Definition
each record in the destination table must have one and only one matching record in the source table
Term
scale range
Definition
the range of scales for which a data layer will be displayed, set by the user to avoid clutter, or the display of layers at inappropriate scales
Term
scale range
Definition
the range of scales for which a data layer will be displayed, set by the user to avoid clutter, or the display of layers at inappropriate scales
Term
script
Definition
a program including ArcGIS' commands and functions
Term
secant projection
Definition
a map projection in which spherical coordinates are projected onto a surface that intersects the sphere along two great circles
Term
Select By Attributes
Definition
to choose a subset of features or table objects based on the values in one or more attribute fields
Term
Select By Location
Definition
to choose a subset of features based on their spatial relationship to other features
Term
selected set
Definition
the set of features that has been extracted prior to another operation; the result of a query
Term
selection method
Definition
a setting that controls what happens to previously and newly selected objects when a new selection is made
Term
simple join
Definition
a join that combines two layers according to common locations when a one-to-one spatial relationship exists between the layers
Term
single-precision
Definition
a numeric value stored using eight bytes of information
Term
sink
Definition
a location on a network that pulls or consumes the commodity flowing through the network
Term
slice
Definition
to divide the values in a raster onto a specified number of even classes
Term
sliver
Definition
small polygon crated during map overlay due to slight boundary differences in the inputs; usually considered an error
Term
solver
Definition
program that analyzes flows or paths through a network
Term
source
Definition
1) a location that produces or initiates the flow of a commodity through a network; 2) a spatial data file that provides the features for a map layer; 3) the original information used to develop a spatial data set
Term
source
Definition
1) a location that produces or initiates the flow of a commodity through a network; 2) a spatial data file that provides the features for a map layer; 3) the original information used to develop a spatial data set
Term
source table
Definition
the table that provides the information to be appended to another table in a join
Term
spaghetti model
Definition
a model that stores spatial features as a series of x-y coordinates and does not store topological relationships between features
Term
spatial join
Definition
a function that combines the attributes of features in two layers based on containment or distance
Term
spatial operators
Definition
a set of functions that evaluate spatial relationships including intersection, containment and proximity between sets of features
Term
spatial query
Definition
an operation to extract records from a data layer based on location relative to another data layer
Term
spatial reference
Definition
the complete description of how the spatial data are stored for a feature class that includes the coordinate systems, the X/Y domain and the precision
Term
spheroid
Definition
ellipsoid
Term
standalone table
Definition
a table of information not linked to spatial data features
Term
standard deviation
Definition
a classification scheme in which the class breaks are based on the standard deviation values of the data being mapped
Term
standard parallel
Definition
parameter of a map projection indicating the latitude(s) at which the projection surface lies tangent or secant to the sphere
Term
State Plane
Definition
(SPCS) a group of projections defined for different regions of the united states and designed to minimize map distortions
Term
stereographic projection
Definition
a map projection in which locations on a sphere are projected onto a planar surface
Term
stretched
Definition
a display method that spreads the data values over the entire range of symbols available
Term
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Definition
an established syntax for creating local expression to extract records from a database according to specified criteria
Term
subdivisions
Definition
the number of units into which a single division of a scale bar is split, usually appearing on the left
Term
summarize
Definition
a function that groups records in a table according to one categorical field and calculates statistics for each group
Term
summarized join
Definition
a join that combines the records of two attribute tables with a one-to-many cardinality by assigning each output record a single value derived statistically from many input values
Term
surface analysis
Definition
functions designed for application to rasters representing a three dimensional surface, such as elevation
Term
table
Definition
data stored as an array of rows and columns, with each row representing an object or a feature and each column representing an attribute or a property of that object
Term
Table of Contents
Definition
the ArcMap window that lists the data frames and layers in the map document
Term
tangent projection
Definition
a map projection in which spherical coordinates are projected upon the surface that lies tangent to the sphere along one line of latitude
Term
thematic raster
Definition
a raster that contains categorical or nominal data values, such as land use codes or soil types
Term
thematic accuracy
Definition
the degree to which attribute values represent the true properties in the real world
Term
thematic mapping
Definition
displaying the features of a spatial data layer based on values in its attribute table
Term
topological model
Definition
a data model that stores spatial relationships between features in addition to their x-y coordinates
Term
trace
Definition
to follow an existing linear feature, as when analysing network paths or creating a new feature that follows an existing one
Term
Transformation
Definition
conversion of one geographic coordinate system and datum to another
Term
transverse projection
Definition
a map projection in which spherical coordinates are projected onto a cylinder or cone in tangent to the sphere along a line of longitude
Term
union
Definition
an operation to create a new feature or set of features by combining all the areas from two input layers
Term
unique values map
Definition
a map in which each attribute value is assigned its own symbol
Term
Universal Transverse Mercator
Definition
(UTM) a family of map projections defined for 60 zones around the world and based on a transverse cylindrical projection
Term
vector
Definition
a spatial data storage method in which features are represented by one or more pairs of x-y coordinate values forming lines, point or polygons
Term
Venn diagram
Definition
a diagram used in set theory to portray sets and subsets
Term
vertex
Definition
a point at which the segments of a line or polygon feature change direction
Term
web map
Definition
an interactive map based solely on Internet data servers and access from many platforms including desktop software, web pages and mobile devices
Term
world file
Definition
a text file containing the georeferenced information for a raster
Term
X/Y domain
Definition
the maximum allowable range of values stored by a feature class
Term
XY tolerance
Definition
a setting used for geoprocessing that defines the minimum allowable stance between vertices
Term
zenith angle
Definition
an angular measure of the distance of an object above the horizon
Term
zonal statistics
Definition
raster analysis functions that calculate statistics from one raster for zones defined by a different user
Term
zone
Definition
the combined area of a raster that share the same attribute value such as all areas with the commercial land use code
Supporting users have an ad free experience!