Term
"Geospatial technology" describes the integrated use of what?
Hint, list of 4 items
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Definition
1. GIS
2. Remote sensing (dig. airborne and satellite imagery)
3. Global positioning (Global Navigation Sat. Systems, e.g., GPS)
4. Internet and mobile mapping |
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Term
Explain the advances in computer technology that influenced geospatial technology.
1. |
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Definition
1970s - mainframes
1980s - shared workstations
1990s - desktop computers
2000s - mobile computing, laptops, tablets, smartphones
2010s - cloud computing |
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Term
Name the disciplines that have contributed to GIS
Hint, there are 7
1. |
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Definition
1. Comm technology
2. Cartography
3. Geography
4. Remote sensing
5. Surveying
6. Civil eng/architecture NERDS
7. Business |
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Term
Who invented the concept behind GIS?
2. |
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Definition
Ian McHarg
Landscape architecture guy who wrote Design with Nature (1969). Used mylar overlays to visualize the layers of information and spatial relationships between physical features |
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Term
Why is the Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics important to GIS?
2.
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Definition
-Produced SYMAP (1966) - a widely distributed automated mapping application
-Produced ODYSSEY (1978) - first vector GIS (predecessor to ARC/INFO)
-Produced the founders of GIS in academics and the commercial sector
-Seminal innovations in processing and display of geographically referenced data |
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Term
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Definition
-Canadian GIS! The first operational GIS.
-Developed in the early 60s (mainframe computer syst)
-For nat. res. mgmt.
-By Roger Tomlinson, the "father of GIS" |
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Term
What has the US Census Bureau done for GIS?
2. |
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Definition
-GBF/DIME files = digitized streets in all major US cities (1970s)
-TIGER files = digitized 1:100k topo maps (1980s) - roads, hydrography, Census boundaries |
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Term
What's the evolution of Esri software?
2. |
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Definition
-Founded as a land-use planning research group in 1969
-ARC/INFO versions 1-7 (80s & 90s)is where layers use coverage data model
-ArcView versions 1-3 (90s) is where layers use the shapefile data model
-ArcGIS 8-10 (2000-now) desktop GIS is licensed at 3 levels (ArcView > ArcEditor > ArcInfo versions)
-ArcGIS 10.x - desktop GIS licensed as Basic > Standard > Advanced |
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Term
What other options are there besides Esri?
2. |
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Definition
Esri dominates, but:
Intergraph, MapInfo, Autodesk, Bentley,
SmallWorld (England), and SuperMap (China) |
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Term
What is the main organizing priciple for GIS design?
3. |
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Definition
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Term
Can data layers digitized from paper maps be blown up and retain the same quality?
3. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can data layers digitized from imagery be better than the zoom scale at the time of digitizing? |
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Definition
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Term
Which scale is best for making maps?
3. |
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Definition
| Trick question, it depends on your project and scale of analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Feature info conyeved graphically |
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Term
By default, ArcMap symbolizes features using a single symbol. How do you change this?
3.2 |
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Definition
| Later properties dialog> Symbology tab> Features |
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Term
What does the process of classification involve?
3.2 |
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Definition
| Grouping and symbolizing features |
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Term
What is categorical classification?
3.2 |
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Definition
| Symbolizes qualitative or descriptive data |
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Term
What are the two types of categorical attributes?
3.2 |
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Definition
Nominal (non-ordered)name, road type, soil type
ordinal (ordered) lo/med/hi, symbol. w ramped color values |
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Term
What are the three options to display categorical data in ArcMap?
3.2 |
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Definition
1) Unique values: symbol assig to ea unique value in a specified field (land use types)
2) Unique values, many fields: symbol for ea unique value in a combination of 2 or more fields
3) Match symbols to a style: predefined symbology applied to feat. in a layer |
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Term
What is quantitative classification used for?
4. |
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Definition
| To symbolize numeric (quant.) data |
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Term
What kinds of data are quant?
4. |
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Definition
| Counts, ratios, amounts, statistics, or ranks |
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Term
List the 5 different ways to map quant. data in ArcMap
4. |
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Definition
1) Layer properties dialog > Symbology tab > Quantities
-Grad color(cloropleth), grad symbol, proportional symbol, dot density
2) Layer properties dialog > Symbology tab > Charts
- Pie, bar/column, stacked
3) ArcToolboc > Spatial analyst > Surface > Contour tool
- used to create isoline maps - vector data model (derived from a raster)
4) Layer properties dialog (raster) > Symbology tab > Stretched
- used to symbolize a raster surace as color ramp
**must be classified data to create grad color, grad symbol, or classified raster** |
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Term
What buttons do you click to classify data?
4. |
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Definition
| Layer properties> Symbology> Classify button |
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Term
What are the 7 ways to classify data?
4. |
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Definition
1) Natural breaks
2) Quantile
3) Equal interval
4) Defined interval
5) Geometric interval
6) Standard deviation
7) Manual |
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Term
What are the features of natural breaks?
4. |
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Definition
Default classification in ArcMap
Class breaks min variation w/in class and max variation beween classes |
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Term
What are the features of Quantile classification?
4. |
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Definition
Same number of feat in ea class
Range of values in ea class will vary |
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Term
What are the feature of equal interval classification?
4. |
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Definition
User specifies number of classes, ArcMap calculates intervals
Ea class has same range of values |
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Term
What are the features of defined interval classification?
4. |
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Definition
User selects the interval and ArcMap calc # of classes
Ea class has same range of values |
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Term
What are features of Geometric intervals?
4. |
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Definition
A compromise classification algorithm (between nat breaks, quantile, and equal interval)
Data classified based on geometric series
Ea class has about the same # of features |
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Term
What are the features of standard deviation classification?
4. |
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Definition
ArcMap calculates mean and st. dev. for the data
Class breaks specified at st. dev. above and below mean
Legend does not show class breaks values |
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Term
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Definition
| User defines # classes and class breaks |
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