Term
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Definition
| plasma which is allowed to clot, serum is the fluid removed. Does not contain clotting factors |
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Term
| hematocrit concentration in normal, anemic, and polycythemic patients |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to high altitude results in increased levels of 2,3-DPG. This increased the production of RBCs |
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Term
| What is the "rule of three" as it pertains to blood testing? |
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Definition
RBC = approximately 5x10^6/ mm^3
Hemoglobin = approximately 15g/dL
HCT = approximately 45% |
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Term
Red Blood Collection Tube
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Definition
–No anticoagulant
–Used to collect serum for chemistry
– Some red topped tubes have clot activators
- Clot time is approximately 30 min |
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Term
| Green Blood Collection Tube |
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Definition
- Heparin (sodium, lithium, or ammonium)
- heparin helps prevent cell breakdown and thus the release of K+ from RBC |
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Term
| Light Blue Blood Collection Tube |
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Definition
- sodium citrate
- tube must be completely filled to maintain correct dilution |
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Term
For Smooth Muscle:
(stimulation, type of action, site of regulation, regulator and binding site) |
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Definition
- nerve, stretch, hormone, local mediators
- excitation or inhibition
- myosin-based
- calcium, calmodulin |
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Term
| Explain excitation coupling in smooth muscle |
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Definition
1. intracellular Ca2+ concentrations increase when 2+ enters cell and is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
3. Ca2+-calmodulin actiavtes myosin light chain kinase
4. MLCK phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads and increases myosin ATPase activity
5. active myosin crossbridges slide along actin and create muscle tension |
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Term
| Stimulatory and Inhibitory influences fo the myenteric plexus |
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Definition
- increase in tonic contraction, increased contraction frequency/ intensity
- decreased sphincter tone due to pyloric sphincter, ileocecla sphincter, LES |
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Term
| Gastrin (source, action, regulation, AI) |
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Definition
G cells in the antrum of the stomach
increases gastric H+ secretion, growth of mucosa, motility
upregualted by stomach distension, amino acids, peptides, vagal stimulation
downregulated by pH below 1.5
increased in Zollinger- Ellison syndrome
phenylalanine and tryptophan are potent stimulators |
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Term
| Cholecystokinin (source, action, regulation, AI) |
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Definition
I cells
stimulates pancreatic secretion and gall bladder contraction
inhibits by gastric emptying
upregulation by fatty and amino acids
in cholelithiasis, pain worsens after fatty food ingestion due to increase in CCK |
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Term
Secretin
(source, action, regulation, AIs) |
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Definition
S cells
increases pancreatic HCO3 secretion and bile secretion
decreases gastric acid secretion
upregulated by acid, and fatty acids in lumen of duodenum
increased HCO3 in the stomach neutralizes gastric acid in duodenum, allowing pancreatic enzymes to function |
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Term
| Source of Intrinsic Factor |
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Definition
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Term
Gastric acid
(source, action, regulation, notes) |
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Definition
parietal cells
decreases stomach pH
upregulated by histamine, ACh, gastrin
downregulated by somatostatin, GIP, prostagladin, secretin
gastrinoma: gastrin-secreting tumor that causes continuous high levels of acid secretion and ulcers |
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Term
| Name the ligament that extends between the superior anterior abdominal wall and the liver. |
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Definition
| Falciform ligament, fibrous remnant of the umbilical vein |
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Term
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Definition
thickest mucosa
ends at the ligament of Treitz
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Term
| What two hormones are released when food and acid enters the duodenum and what are their functions? |
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Definition
CCK- digestion
Secretin- neutralization, important because digestive enzymes in the small intestine have a pH optimum between 6.5 and 8
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Term
| Important Actions of GIP from K cells |
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Definition
inihbits acid secretion and stimulates insulin release
stimulated by the presence of carbohydrates |
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