Term
| What are two misconceptions of vitamins |
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Definition
That they can replace food Provide energy |
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Term
| When taking the misconceptions into account which are the truths behind vitamins? |
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Definition
Cannot replace food Are useful and/or medically advisable when deficiencies occur |
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Term
| What are cavities on the rise? |
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Definition
| More people are drinking bottled water, this water does not contain flouride, which is in the tap water |
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Term
| What are the two types of vitamins? Where do they act? |
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Definition
Fat soluble act on a intracellular receptor that gets translocated into the nucleus Water soluble, most of the receptors are unknown |
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Term
| Out of the two types of vitamins which one causes more toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the special cases that you need to use Vitamin supplementation in the U.S |
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Definition
Pregnancy and lactating women Elderly Patients undergo surgery Vegetarians Alcoholics |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of fat soluble vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
| Give the role of Retinal in the body |
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Definition
| Essential for the function of the retina |
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Term
| What's the role of Retinol |
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Definition
| Necessary for growth and differentiation of epithelial cells |
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Term
| What are the roles of Vitamin A in the body |
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Definition
Essential in the function of retina Necessary for growth and differentiation of epithelial cells Required for growth of bone, reproduction and embryonic development Enhances immune function May protect against certain malignances |
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Term
| Give the 2 Vit A receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the major deficiency for Vit A |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the deficiencies of Vit A |
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Definition
Night blindness (xerophthalmia – dryness and thickening of the conjunctiva)
Increased susceptibility to infections
Dry, scaly skin, skin lesions, follicular hyperkeratosis
Affects rapidly growing/proliferating tissues |
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Term
| The vitamin A drugs such as tretinoin, Isotretinoin and Etretinate are used to treat |
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Definition
Severe acne, psoriasis and keratinization disorders can be teratogenic Potentially important in cancer chemo |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of hyperkeratinosis of Vitamin A |
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Definition
Acute and sometimes fatal poisoning Dry, pruritic skin, skin disquamation, erythematous dermatitis, distrubed hair growth Acute poisoning like drowsiness, irritability, severe headache due to increase intracranial pressure |
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Term
| what are the sources of Vit D? |
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Definition
Food
Major on is sun light |
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Term
| What's the problem w/ sunscreen in vit D? |
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Definition
| You may not get sufficient Vit D in food sources so you may become deficient |
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Term
| How can you identify Vit D drugs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is Vit. D convereted in the body? What is it converted to? |
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Definition
Liver and kidney
the active form "calcitriol" |
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Term
| What is the role of Vitamin D |
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Definition
Improves absorption and utilization of Calcium and phosphorous that required for bone and teeth
Normal cell growth and maturation
Regulation of immune system
Aid in blood sugar due to insulin secretion
Maintain nervous system, muscle contraction, normal heart activity |
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Term
| What is necessary for Vit D absorption in the gut. when can this become a problem |
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Definition
Fat in the intestine
Stomach surgery can cause problems w/ fat absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fat cells of the liver, skin, brain and bones |
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Term
| What is the vit D deficency in children, how about in adults |
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Definition
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Term
| What can vit D deficency do to the bones in the head |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypervitaminosis of vit D leads to |
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Definition
Hypercalcemia
Problems in patients taking digitalis
May arrest growth due to too much calcium
Increase in calicum suppresses PTH which lowers calcium and causes tetany and seizures |
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Term
| What are the interactions of calcium and digitalis |
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Definition
| toxic effects of cardiac glycosides are enhanced by increased calcium |
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Term
| What are the therapuetic uses of vit D supplements |
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Definition
Cure Ricketts
Treatment of hypoparathyroidism
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis |
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Term
| what is the most important function of Vitamin E |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the importance of Vit E being an anti-oxidant? |
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Definition
| prevents lipid peroidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes |
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Term
| What happen is you have vit E deficiency |
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Definition
Hemolytic anemia
Decreased sexual vitality
Abnormal fat deposits in muscle
Degenerative changes in heart and muscles
Dry skin |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Vit E deficiency in the nervous system, reproductive and muscular systems |
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Definition
NS: axonal dystrophy (hyporeflexia, gait disturbances, neuropathic lesion
Reproductive: necessary for normal pregnancy
Muscular: Similar to muscular dystrophy |
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Term
| What are the therapeutic uses of Vit E |
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Definition
| Prevent or ameliorate the consquences of axonal dystrophy or to aid in the treatment of cystic fibrosis or cholestatic liver disease |
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Term
| What are the uses for Vit K |
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Definition
necessary for clotting factors II, VII, IX and X
2 bone matrix proteins necessary for bone metabolism |
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Term
| Vit K deficiency leads to |
|
Definition
hemorrhagic disease in newborns
Postoperative bleeding and hematuria
Can manifest itself as nosebleeds |
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Term
| Can you get vit k toxicity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bleed deficiency or american pit viper bite |
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Term
| vit K antagonizes which anti-coagulant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the water soluble vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What the role for B1 "thiamine" in the body |
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Definition
Vital for normal development, growth, reproduction, healthy skin, hair, blood production and immune function
Essential for normal functioning of the nervous system, muscle and heart
Maintains good muscle tone in the heart, stomach and intestines |
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Term
| Thiamine functions as a co-enzyme for |
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Definition
| required for entry of COH into the CAC |
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Term
| Is thiamine required for nucleotide synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Thiamine deficiency leads to |
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Definition
| Beriberi which involves nerve degeneration (periopheral neuritis) and muscle disease (myopathy) |
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Term
| What's the most common cause of thiamine deficency in the US |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms for thiamine deficency |
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Definition
Loss of appetite, weight loss
Weakness and fatigue
Insomnia
Mental depression
beriberi |
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Term
| B-2 (riboflavin) is essential for |
|
Definition
COH, fat and protein metabolism
Aids formation of antibodies & RBC
Maintains cell respiration
Maintains good vision, skin, nail and hair
Alleviates fatigue
Serves as a vital role in metabolism as a coenzyme |
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Term
| riboflavin formation is inhibited by |
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Definition
| chlorpromazine and tricyclic depressants |
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Term
| Describe the deficiency of riboflavin |
|
Definition
sore throat, sores, cracks around mouth & lips
itchy, burning, bloodshot eyes
purplish tongue
Retarded grwoth
Digestive disturbances
Anemia and neuropathy |
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Term
| What is the role of B3 (Niacin) in the body |
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Definition
Can lower blood cholesterol
co-enzyme for oxidation-reduction
Essential to maintain healthy skin, tonuge and digestive system
Essential for normal function of the brain and NS |
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Term
| What's the major deificency for Niacin |
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Definition
| Pellagra: Dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia |
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Term
| What's the major deificency for Niacin |
|
Definition
Pellagra: Dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia
Tremors, irritability
Lethargy
Mental depression & confusion
Canker sores, mouth and tongue |
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Term
| Why is Niacin adminstered in combo w/ cholestyramine or lovastatin? |
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Definition
| To lower VLDL and LDL in hyperlipidemic patients |
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Term
| what's the role of B-6 (pyridoxine) in the body |
|
Definition
Necessary for synthesis and breakdown of amino acids (coenzyme)
Aids in fat and COH metabolism
Affects antibody production
Important for formation of catecholamine
Modulates the effects of male and female sex hormones and adrenal hormones |
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Term
| What's the major problem w/ Pryidoxine (B6) deficiency |
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Definition
| Nervousness and irritability, this can lead to convulsions |
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Term
| Why do symptoms of pyridoxine include peripheral neuritis and convulsions? |
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Definition
| Pyridoxine is a cofactor in GABA which is an inhibitory transmitter, so if you can't make GABA you get hyperactivity |
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Term
| What's the toxicity of pyridoxine |
|
Definition
low acute toxicity
Neurotoxicity may develop after prolonged ingestion of as little as 200 mg/day |
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Term
| What's the role of B5 (pantothenic acid) in the body |
|
Definition
Helps energy release from COH, fats and protein
Necessary for production of NT
Necessary for production of adrenal & steriod hormones and cholesterol
Anti-body synthesis and wound healing |
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Term
| What's the role of B12 (cyancobalamin) in the body? |
|
Definition
Aids in generation of RBC
Necessary for production of nucleic acids and for DNA makeup
essential for COH, fat and protein synthesis
Maintains healthy nervous system
Needed for calcium absorption |
|
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Term
| What are the deficiencies seen in cyanocobalamin deficency |
|
Definition
May lead to pernicious anemia
Growth failure in children
Deterioration of mental function
Degeneration of SC
Depression |
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Term
| What is the role of ascorbic acid in the body? Which is most important |
|
Definition
Anti-oxidant is the most important
Co-factor in hydroxylation and reduction rxn
Essential for healthy teeth, gums and bones
Helps heal wounds, scar tissue |
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Term
| What's are the manifestations of Vit. C deficiency |
|
Definition
Scurvy: Bleeding gums, loose teeth, joint pain, dry scaly skin, blood vessel damage
slow wound healing
nose bleeds
anemia |
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Term
| When would you use Vit C to treat something? |
|
Definition
| Ascorbic acid deficiency in infants and adults |
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Term
| What is Vit M "folic acid" important for? |
|
Definition
| formation of nucleic acid |
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Term
| What's the problem that arises w/ folic acid and TB drugs |
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Definition
| there is a competition between TB drugs and PABA for folic acid and you can get deficency |
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Term
| What is the main deficiency of folic acid and what are it's manifestations |
|
Definition
| DNA synthesis, the inability to synthesis DNA during erythrocyte maturation leads to abnormally large erythrocytes "macrocytic anemia" |
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Term
| The predominant condition requiring an increase in folate is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What drugs can impair the uptake of folic acid |
|
Definition
| anti-convulsants and oral contraceptives |
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Term
| What can large doses of folic acid do? |
|
Definition
| counteract the antiepileptic effect of phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone and increase the frequency of seizures in children |
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