Term
1) removal of excess fluids from body tissues
2) absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat, as chyle, to the circulatory system
3) production of immune cells such as lymphocytes (antibody producing plasma cells) and monocytes
lymph nodes act as filters; filled with lymphocytes that collect and destroy bacteria and viruses; during infection lymphocytes multiply rapidly causing lymph node swelling |
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Definition
| functions of the lymphoid system |
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Term
bone marrow:
red marrow (myeloid tissue) - RBCs, platelets, and most WBCs arise here
yellow marrow - some WBCs develop here; much higher number of fat cells
thymus gland: production of certain infection-fighting cells; maturation of T cells |
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Definition
| primary organs of the immune system |
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Term
adenoids
tonsils
spleen: destruction of old RBCs; holds a small amount of blood; immune function
lymph nodes: along the lymphatic vessels with concentrations in the neck, armpits, abdomen, and groin
Peyer's patches: within the intestines
appendix |
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Definition
| secondary organs of the immune system |
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Term
inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system; stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells; establishes a physical barrier against the spread of infection; promotes healing followed by clearance of pathogens
chemical factors produced during inflammation (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes) sensitize pain receptors, cause vasodilation, attract phagocytes (neutrophils)
redness (rubor)
swelling (tumor)
heat (calor)
pain (dolor)
loss of function (functio laesa) |
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Definition
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Term
innate immunity
adaptive immunity |
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Definition
| 2 principle components of an acute inflammatory reaction |
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Term
resolution: with cellular proliferation and differentiation
fibrosis: large amount of destroyed tissue that cannot be regenerated completely; fibrous scarring occurs;
abscess formation: a cavity is formed containing puss
chronic inflammation: inflammation lasting many days/months; mainly macrophages at the injured tissue; tissue destruction from body's own cells (reactive oxygen species) |
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Definition
| general outcomes to inflammation |
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Term
acute inflammation:
duration - resolution in days to weeks
principle cells - neutrophils, macrophages
principle mediators - vasoactive amines, eicosanoids
outcome - resolution, abscess, low scarring/tissue damage
chronic inflammation:
duration - prolonged; months with flare-ups
principle cells - lymphocytes (memory cells), macrophages
principle mediators - IFN and other cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species, enzymes
outcome: marked fibrosis, scarring, tissue damage |
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Definition
| comparison of acute and chronic inflammation (duration, principle cells, principle mediators, outcome) |
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Term
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Definition
response is non-specific
exposure leads to immediate maximal response
cell-mediated and humoral components
no immunological memory
found in nearly all life forms |
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Term
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Definition
pathogen and antigen specific response
lag time between exposure and maximal response
cell-mediated and humoral components
exposure leads to immunologic memory
found only in jawed vertebrates |
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Term
1) identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood, and lymph by specialized WBCs
2) recruiting immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation through the production of chemical factors including specialized chemical mediators called cytokines
3) activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells to promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes
4) activation of the adaptive immune system through antigen presentation
response involves:
phagocytic cells - neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
cells that release inflammatory mediators - basophils, mast cells, eosinophils
natural killer cells
complement proteins, cytokines |
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Definition
| major functions of the innate immune system |
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Term
1) tissue injury
2) release and circulation of vasoactive inflammatory mediators
3) blood vessel dilation
4) increased vascular permeability
5) clotting |
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Definition
| steps in initial inflammation |
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Term
diapedesis (leukocyte extravasation)
part of the innate immune response
occurs in post-capillary venules
induced by chemical mediators of inflammation |
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Definition
| movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system towards the site of tissue damage or infection |
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Term
1) chemo-attraction and leukocyte activation: circulating leukocytes are localized to the site of injury/infection due to the presence of chemokines
2) rolling adhesion: ligands of leukocytes bind to selectins on the inner wall of the vessel; leukocyte slows down
3) tight adhesion: immobilization of leukocytes
4) transmigration: leukocytes pass through gaps between endothelial cells |
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Definition
| four stages of diapedesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample after density gradient centrifugation that contains most of the WBCs and platelets |
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Term
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
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Definition
| examples of polymorphonuclear cells (cells with multi-lobed nuclei, also called granulocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| examples of mononuclear cells (cells with single-lobed nuclei) |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
most abundant WBC
leave the vasculature and migrate to the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis
phagocytes
react within hours of tissue injury; hallmark of acute inflammation
release an assortment of proteins in 3 types of granules in a process called degranulation |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
parasitic infections
allergic reactions: asthma, hay fever, hives |
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Term
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Definition
granulocyte
responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing histamine causing inflammation |
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Term
natural killer cells
T cells
B cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
part of the innate immune system
kill cells that lack MHC molecules
in the presence of antibody directed against a target cell, they can kill the cell by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
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Term
cytokines: INF, IL
Fc receptor: antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
activating and inhibitory receptors: receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity |
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Definition
| activation of natural killer cells |
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Term
small granules in their cytoplasm contain perforin and granzymes
perfornins form pores in the cell membrane of the target cell
granzymes enter and induce apoptosis (leads to the destruction of the virus inside the cell without lysis) |
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Definition
| mechanism of natural killer cells |
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Term
monocyte (in the blood)
macrophage (in the tissue) = phagocyte |
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Definition
mononuclear cell
phagocyte
present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogen may be recognized and killed |
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Term
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Definition
release histamine, heparin, leukotrienes, interleukins
binds to, ingests, kills bacteria
found alongside blood vessels in tissue |
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Term
adhesion
aggregation
clot retraction
pro-coagulation
cytokine signalling
key factor in blood clotting and vascular spasm but also involved in inflammation
receptors for IgE immunoglobulins: believed to contribute to the first phase of asthma |
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Definition
| functions of platelets (thrombocytes) |
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Term
part of the innate immunity (does not change over the course of an individual's life)
1) "tag" pathogens for destruction by other cells by opsonizing, or coating, the surface of the pathogen
2) disrupt the plasma membrane of an infected cell, resulting in cytolysis of the infected cell, causing the death of the pathogen = membrane attack complex |
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Definition
| functions of the complement system |
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Term
| acquired/adaptive immunity |
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Definition
if the immune system sees the same pathogen again, it mounts a faster and quicker response
exhibited only AFTER exposure to a substance
has specific memory
key players:
B cells - responsible for humoral (antibody) immunity
T cells - cell mediated immunity; helper cells produce cytokines and cytotoxic cells produce granules that induce the death of the pathogen |
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Term
1) induction phase:
antigen presented to T cells
if antigen is recognized as foreign, stimulation of clonal expansion of T cells leading to differentiation of T cells and stimulation of B cells to produce antibodies
for this phase to occur, there has to be recognition that there is something that is "not self"
2) effector phase:
immune response to antigen is further enhanced
can be further divided into -
cell mediated immunity: activation of macrophages, killing virus infected host cells (done by T cells)
humoral mediated immunity: plasma cells produce antibodies (done by B cells) |
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Definition
| 2 major phases of acquired/adaptive immunity |
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Term
MHC I: expressed on every nucleated cell in the body
MHC II: expression differs depending on cell type; constitutively expressed (always there) in B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, thymic epithelial cells; expression can be induced in macrophages and endothelial cells |
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Definition
| expression of MHC I and MHC II |
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Term
presents antigen complexed with MHC to undifferentiated T cells
if recognized as foreign, causes T cells to differentiate to produce either cytotoxic T cells or T-helper cells
examples of APCs: macrophages, dendritic cells in spleen and lymph nodes, B-cells |
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Definition
| functions of antigen presenting cells |
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Term
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Definition
gives rise to T helper cells that stimulate macrophages or interact with B cells to stimulate antibody production
APCs with MHC II interact with this cell type with foreign antigen to stimulate clonal expansion |
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Term
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Definition
gives rise to cytotoxic T cells
APCs with MHC I have to interact with this cell type with foreign antigen to cause clonal expansion |
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Term
activate macrophages: effector action; cause macrophages to phagocytose and kill microorganisms
stimulation CD8+ lymphocytes to release IL-2 that drives proliferation and the subsequent maturation of the clone into cytotoxic cells that kill infected host cells
inhibit TH2 cell function |
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Definition
| T helper 1 cells (TH1) produce cytokines which: |
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Term
stimulate B cells to proliferate and mature into plasma cells (producing antibodies) and memory cells
stimulate differentiation of activation of eosinophils
inhibit TH1 cell function: TH2 cells are thought of as anti-inflammatory b/c they inhibit the activation of inflammatory cells and the cell-mediated reactions produced by the TH1 cytokines |
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Definition
| T helper 2 (TH2) cells produce cytokines which: |
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Term
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Definition
mediated through B cells
synthesize and secrete antibodies with specificity against foreign substances (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD) |
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Term
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Definition
mediated through activated CD8+ T cells and inflammatory CD4+ TH1 cells
activate macrophages (via CD4+ TH1 cells), NK cells, cytotoxic T cells
have a central role in the development and regulation of acquired immunity
release cytokines essential for B lymphocyte activation
kill infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cell components of an inflammatory reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| activated B cells which secrete antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| activated B cells which stick around after primary immune response waiting for next exposure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
mechanism: TH2 antigen response provoking IgE antibody activity with activation of mast cells and basophils. This results in release of vasoactive substances (histamine, prostaglandins)
mediators: usually innocuous substances (grass, food, exercise)
examples: asthma, hay fever, hives, anaphylactic shock (quick release of large quantities of mediators leading to systemic vasodilation and a sudden drop in BP and difficulty breathing) |
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Definition
| mechanism, mediators, and examples of a Type 1 Anaphylactic reaction |
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Term
mechanism: host cells recognized as foreign; typically associated with IgG antibodies which trigger complement and cytotoxic cells
mediators: cell surface proteins, antibodies (IgG and IgM)
examples: acute transplant rejections, Graves disease, Hashimoto's disease |
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Definition
| mechanism, mediators, and examples of a Type II Cytotoxic inflammatory reaction |
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Term
mechanism: occurs when antibodies react with soluble antigens; the antigen-antibody complexes can activate complement or attach to mast cells and stimulate the release of mediators; large immune complexes that cannot be cleared are deposited in vessel walls and induce an inflammatory response
mediators: antibody (IgG, IgM) complex with some soluble antigen
examples: systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness |
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Definition
| mechanism, mediators, and examples of a Type III Immune-Complex reaction |
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Term
mechanism: T-cell mediated reaction that target cells with identified antigens; this is an ANTIBODY INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
mediators: CD8+, CD4+ (type 1) T cells; macrophages (APC)
examples: tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus type 1 |
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Definition
| mechanism, mediators, and examples of a Type IV Cell-Mediated Immune reaction |
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Term
histamine
eicosinoids - prostanoids, leukotrienes
cytokines, chemokines, interferons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter involved in: allergic reactions, inflammation, local immune responses, gastric acid secretion
found preformed in tissues
found in high concentration in: lungs, skin, GI tract |
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Term
H1 Receptor (Gq):
systemic vasodilation
bronchoconstriction
type-1 hypersensitivity reaction
increased vascular permeability
itching
triple response: reddening, flare, wheal
H2 Receptor (Gs):
stimulates gastric acid secretion |
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Definition
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Term
cell is activated by mechanical trauma, cytokines, growth factors or other stimuli
stimulus could be an eicosinoid from a neighboring cell |
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Definition
| how is eicosanoid biosynthesis initiated? |
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Term
prostanoids: prostaglandins and thromboxanes
stimuli for release of arachidonic acid (prostanoid precursor):
cell damage
antigen/antibody reactions on mast cells
COX are enzymes responsible for prostaglandin and thromboxane production; 2 types:
COX1 - housekeeping; constitutive (always around)
COX2 - pathological; inducible (needs stimuli to become active); associated with inflammation |
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Definition
| biosynthesis of prostanoids |
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Term
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Definition
type of eicosanoid
act on LTB4 receptors
powerful chemotactic (attractant) agent for both neutrophils and macrophages
increases production of reactive oxygen species = increased damage
stimulates proliferation and cytokine release |
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Term
| LTC4, LTC4, and LTE4 leukotrienes |
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Definition
type of eicosanoid
act on CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors
increase mucous production and reduce airway conduction and expiration
together are known as slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
anti-inflammatory mediators
endogenous antagonists at CysLT1 receptors
exogenous example = montelukast |
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Term
interleukins
chemokines
interferons
growth factors
TNFs
secreted by: lymphocytes, fibroblasts, monocytes, endothelial cells, hepatocytes |
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Definition
| examples of cytokines (stimulate or inhibit normal cell function and are released during inflammation) |
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Term
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Definition
type of cytokine
1 is produced by macrophages and monocytes causing T and B cell activation; pyrogen activation on the hypothalamus
2 secreted by helper T cells to stimulate production of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells; activate NK cells
10 secreted by monocytes, TH2-cells, mast cells and inhibits TH1 cytokine production |
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Term
| alpha and beta interferons |
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Definition
type of cytokine
produced by virus-infected macrophages to stop viral replication in uninfected cells
stimulate T cell growth and activate NK cells
suppress some tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
type of cytokine
stimulate macrophage and neutrophil migration to inflammation and killing of microbes
induces fever
stimulates macrophages to produce IL-1 |
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Term
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Definition
type of cytokine
act on monocytes, eosinophils, and other cells
associated with recruitment of WBCs to enter tissue |
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