Term
| List all the retroperitoneal organs/vessels/everything |
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Definition
| Supraadrenal glands, aorta/ivc, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon (ascending and descending), kidneys, esophagus, rectum |
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Term
| Going anteriorly to posteriorly, what are the layers you need to get throug to get to kidney? |
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Definition
| Peritoneum, PARAnephric space, renal fascia/Gerota's fascia, PERInephric space |
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Term
| Which layer from the anterior abdominal wall is the Gerota's fascia continuous with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are females more susceptible to UTI's? |
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Definition
| They have shorter urethras |
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Term
| Anteriorly to posteriorly, list the order of the vessels to the kidneys. |
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Definition
| Renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis (empties into the ureter) |
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Term
| Which kidney is higher up? Which ones are protected by which ribs? |
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Definition
| Left one is higher --> ribs 10-12, right one is only protected by ribs 11 and 12. |
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Term
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Definition
| It empties into the ureter. |
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Term
| Which renal vein is longer and why? |
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Definition
| The left one, because the IVC is on the right side of the body. |
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Term
| What's the nutcracker angle? |
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Definition
| The left renal vein crosses the aorta, just below where the SMA starts. So the SMA goes anteriorly to the left renal vein, creating the nutcracker. |
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Term
| What other veins drain into the left renal vein? What happens on the right side? |
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Definition
| The left gonadal and the left suprarenal vein. On the right side of the body, these same two veins drain directly into the IVC. |
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Term
| What happens if the SMA pushes the left renal vein against the aorta? |
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Definition
| Venous return is cut off from the left kidney, left gonad, and left adrenal gland |
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Term
| What are the three narrowings where kidney stones are likely to get stuck in? |
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Definition
| The renal pelvis/ureter junction, the pelvic brim, and the urinary bladder wall. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the renal pyramids and renal columns? |
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Definition
| Renal pyramids are where the filtration is occurring, and the renal columns are where the blood vessels are chillin. |
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Term
| What's a special point about the minor calices? |
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Definition
| They have special smooth muscle cells that serve as peristaltic pacemakers. |
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Term
| Pain in the RLQ can be indicative of appendicitis or kidney stones... how can you tell the difference between the two? |
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Definition
| Rebound test: push against the abdomen in the RLQ and release. This should cause pain on the release if the dude's got appendicitis. Also look at how patient is carrying himself. |
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Term
| What are the shapes of each of the adrenal glands? |
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Definition
| The right one is triangular, the left one is semilunar. |
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Term
| In the adrenal gland, the cortex and medulla release different kinds of hormones. What are they? |
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Definition
| The cortex releases steroid like hormones, and the medulla releases catecholamines. |
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Term
| What's so special about sympathetic innervation to the adrenals? |
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Definition
| ONLY FOR THE catecholamine releasing cells, sympathetic preganglion synapses directly into these cells. |
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Term
| Each adrenal gland gets 3 arteries and one vein... What are they and what do they come from? |
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Definition
| Superior suprarenal: comes from inferior phrenic. Middle Suprarenal: Comes from the aorta. Inferior suprarenal: branches off the renal arteries. The Veins: right suprarenal vein drains directly into IVC, the left one drains into the left renal vein. |
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Term
| What are the three arcuate ligaments and what structures pass through them? |
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Definition
| Medially to laterally: Median arcuate ligament (aorta), medial arcuate ligament (psoas), and lateral arcuate ligament (quadratus lumborum). |
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Term
| List the nerves of the lumbar plexus, superiorly to inferiorly. |
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Definition
| Subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, femoral, obturator |
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Term
| What does the genitofemoral nerve pierce? |
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Definition
| The psaos muscle. The genital branch of it also gives rise to the cremasteric reflex. |
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Term
| Which nerve is the sensor for the cremasteric reflex? |
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Definition
| The ilioinguinal, which runs through the superficial inguinal ring. |
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Term
| The diaphragm has three holes at T8, T10, and T12. What structures pass through it at each of these levels? |
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Definition
| T8: IVC, right phrenic. T10: esophagus, vagal plexii. T12: Aorta, thoracic duct, and azygous vein. |
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