Term
| Where are the pubic tubercle and pubic crest located in relation to one another? |
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Definition
| The pubic tubercle is lateral to the pubic crest. |
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Term
| what structures does the inguinal ligament run between? |
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Definition
| Runs from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle |
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Term
| What muscle layer's aponeurosis makes up the inguinal ligament? |
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Definition
| The upturned portion of the broad aponeurosis of the external oblique. |
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Term
| How are the lacunar ligament, pectineal ligament, and the inguinal ligament related to one another anatomically? |
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Definition
| The lacunar ligament is the medial triangular expansion of the inguinal. The pectineal ligament extends off of the lacunar ligament, and it follows along the pectineal line of the pubis. |
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Term
| If you divide the abdomen into 9 layers, what are each of them called? |
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Definition
Top three layers: L/R hypochondriac, epigastric
Middle three layers: L/R flank, umbilical region
Bottom three layers: L/R groin, pubic region |
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Term
| Surface anatomy: describe what's at the transpyloric plane, subcostal plane, supracristal plane, and intertubercular plane. |
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Definition
Transpyloric plane: At vertebra L1. Where spinal cord ends, and where the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric arteries originate above and below this point.
Subcostal Plane: location of inferior mesenteric plane.
Supracristal plane: Highest point on iliac crest, where the abdominal aorta bifurcates.
Intertubercular plane: Where the right and left common iliac veins join to form inferior vena cava. |
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Term
| Camper's fascia vs Scarpa's fascia? |
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Definition
Camper's: predominantly fat, superficial veins, arteries, and nerves run through it. Continuous with thigh fascia.
Scarpa's: Goes into perineal region as Colle's fascia (superficial), AND it attaches to the fascia lata of the thigh. Any fluid DEEP to Scarpa's fascia won't enter the thigh. |
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Term
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Definition
| T7-L1... T10 spinal nerves supply the umbilicus. |
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Term
| Blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall? |
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Definition
Superiorly: musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries.
Laterally: 10th-12th intercostal arteries
Inferiorly: inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac arteries |
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Term
| Which nodes does the lymph drain into in the abdomen? |
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Definition
Above umbilicus: Axillary nodes
Below Umbilicus: Superficial inguinal nodes |
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Term
| Lateral muscles in the abdomen? |
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Definition
| External/internal oblique, and the transverses abdominis. |
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Term
| What's the difference between the composition of the anterior rectus sheath and the posterior rectus sheath? |
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Definition
| Anterior rectus sheath is made up of the aponeuroses of the external AND the internal obliques. The posterior rectus sheath is made up of the aponeuroses of the internal obliques and the transverses abdominis. |
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Term
| What happens with the posterior rectus sheath at the arcuate line? |
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Definition
| It ends there. Also, the inferior epigastric artery enters here, in the now empty space. |
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Term
| Between what layer of lateral abdominal muscles do the nerves and blood vessels run? |
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Definition
| Internal oblique and transverses abdominis. |
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Term
| How do the external oblique and internal oblique differ in their functions (in what way do they move the body differently?) |
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Definition
| Ext. obliques bends the trunk to the same side, but it turns the anterior part of the abdomen to the OPPOSITE side. The internal oblique also bends drunk to the same side, but it turns the anterior part of the abdomen to the SAME side. |
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Term
| What is the order of the layers you have to pass through to get into the peritoneal cavity? (start with skin) |
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Definition
| Skin-->superficial fascia (campers then scarpas) --> lateral muscle groups --> transversalis fascia --> extraperitoneal layer of fat --> parietal peritoneum. (The rectus sheath may be in there too, along with rectus abdominus, depending on where you stick the needle in). |
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Term
| What makes up the Roof/floor/anterior/posterior portions of the inguinal canal? |
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Definition
Roof: Muscles --> transverses abdominus and internal oblique
Anterior: Aponeuroses of ext. and int. obliques
Floor: Ligaments: inguinal ligament and part of lacunar ligament.
Posterior: Transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon |
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Term
| Why/how does testicular descent occur? |
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Definition
| It occurs because the testes attach to external oblique aponeurosis via the gubernaculum testis. Just anterior to the gubernaculum, the peritoneal cavity sends a processus vaginalis downwards towards scrotum. Testes slide in behind the processus vaginalis. |
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Term
| Which layer of the abdominal wall gives rise to the cremasteric reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An undescended testis. It can become cancerous later in life so treatment involves removal of it (orchidopexy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of fluid in the processus vaginalis. Fluid comes from peritoneal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of blood in the tunica vaginalis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlargement of the testicular veins. V in varicoceles, and V in veins. |
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Term
| What are the two types of inguinal hernias? |
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Definition
| Direct vs indirect. Indirect hernias: the neck of the hernia lies LATERAL to the inferior epigastric vessels, while in direct hernias the hernia is MEDIAL to the inferior epigastric vessels. With indirect hernias, the sac ends up in the scrotum of labia majora. With Direct hernias, the head of hernia ends up in Hesselbach's triangle. |
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Term
| What are the 5 organs of the digestive tract that are retroperitoneal? |
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Definition
| duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, and rectum (kidneys are also retroperitoneal). |
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Term
| Which of the superficial fascia layers is more prominent below the umbilicus? |
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Definition
| Scarpa's fascia is more prominent BELOW the umbilicus. |
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Term
| What is a good option to treat a bilateral mastectomy? How about if just one boob is removed? |
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Definition
| If both breasts are removed, breast implants are an easy fix. But if just one is taken out, then a TRAM flap procedure is done. Take portion of rectums abdominus, along with its vasculature to reconstruct breast. |
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Term
| Which abdominal wall layer does not surround the testes? |
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Definition
| The transverses abdominis does not contribute. |
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Term
| What makes up the borders of Hesselbach's triangle? |
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Definition
| Medially: Rectus abdominus. Laterally: inferior epigastric vessels. Inferior border: inguinal ligament. |
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Term
| Of direct and indirect hernias, which one is more common in infants, and which one in older men? |
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Definition
| Indirect hernias are more common in infants, direct are more common in older men. Either way, both of these are more common in males, while femoral hernias are more common in females. |
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