Term
| Glucose metabolism (cell science) |
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Definition
Begins with saliva - a-amylase (a-1,4 bonds), lysozyme (B-glycosidic 1,4 bonds)
Pancreatic amylase resumes starch breakdown in the duodenum
Products: maltose, maltotriose, alpha-limit dextrin
- further broken down into single glucose residues by exoglycosidase (sucrase, lactase) |
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Term
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Definition
Musculocutaneous—flexion of forearm (brachialis, biceps) and arm (coracobrachialis, biceps); supination (biceps)
Axillary—Abduction (deltoid)
Radial—extension of forearm (triceps); extensor compartment; abductor pollicis longus
Median—flexor compartment; abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis
Ulnar—flexor carpi ulnaris (adduction and flexion) and medial aspect of flexor digitorum profundus
Posterior cord of brachial plexus
axillary nerve (C5-6) (deltoid muscle and teres minor muscle)
lower subscapular nerve (C5-6) subscapularis
upper subscapular nerve (C5-6) subscapularis
thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
radial nerve (C5-8, T1)
Branches from roots
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Branch from superior trunk
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6) suprascapular and infraspinatus
Posterior cord or radial branch injury = wrist drop (wrist extensor injury)
Most wrist flexors = MEdian nerve (bc when you point to yourself, you can say they “point to ME”), except flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
Median nerve damage ape hand
Ulnar nerve damage claw hand |
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Term
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Definition
Pubic tubercle = site of insertion
The femoral a. is a direct continuation of external iliac a. as it passes inferior to the inguinal ligament
BRS says inguinal ligament is the folded lower border of the aponeuorsis of the external oblique muscle (goes from ASIS to pubic tubercle). It is the floor (inferior wall) of the inguinal canal.
Sheedlo’s powerpoints talk about inguinal ligament being the superior border of the femoral triangle. NAVEL passes through triangle (femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space and lymphatics – from lateral to medial) |
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Term
| Circulatory shock (cardio) |
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Definition
Hypovolemic vs. cardiogenic vs. distributive
Hypovolemia -> d/c VR, SV, Q, BP -> i/c HR, SVR, contractility, venoconstriction
=> attempt to i/c Q, SVR, BP
Dumping syndrome:
Loss of water from tissues -> temporary drop in BP, resulting weakness and faintness -> sympathetic baroreflex -> i/c HR, CO, vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
blood volume is most important
Baroreceptors (decreased stretch from low BP leads to decreased firing of nerve signal increase sympathetic tone, decreased parasympathetic tone increased HR, vasoconstriction)
Hormonal (low BP renin leads to increased conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, this increases thirst, vasoconstriction and sodium reabsorption. A2 also increased aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption). All of these increase BP.
When a person stands, blood pools in veins due to increased venous compliance. Less blood to heart means less output and therefore lower BP. Response is to increase HR, BP (vasoconstrict), etc. This is mediated by baroreceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect cholinergic system in midbrain reticular formation (MRF)
Pedunculopontine Nucleus (lateral group)
Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus
Lesion causes somnolence/lethargy
Stimulation promotes wakefulness; forward motion
MRF modulates cortical activity:
Direct connections via midline thalamic nuclei
Indirectly via thalamic reticular nucleus (NR) (enabling thalamic throughput)
NR transmitter is GABA
Active during both wakefulness and in REM Sleep
Direct aminergic arousal systems (direct to cortex)
Tuberomamillary nucleus (histamine)
Locus ceruleus (norepinephrine)
Raphe nuclei (serotonin)
Non-aminergic arousal systems
Nucleus basalis (acetylcholine)
Lateral hypothalamic neurons (orexins)
Enabling circuit:
Lateral hypothalamic neurons (orexins) |
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Term
| Attention & Adrenergic agonists |
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Definition
Bottom line, Alpha-2 agonists reduce sympathetic tone over all increased attention (somehow) and lower BP
Alpha 1 agonists vasoconstrict and are found in blood vessels
Alpha2 receptor distribution and effects of stimulation
NE Nerve Terminals
Decreases NE outflow (autoreceptor)
G.I. Tract
Decrease motility and tone
Pancreas
Inhibits insulin release
CNS
Decreases sympathetic outflow
Stimulation of alpha2 receptors increases the contractility of smooth muscle, which is associated with a decrease in cAMP.
cGMP relaxation
decreased cAMP contraction
Look at the following diagram to understand how the decreased production of cAMP is associated with contraction |
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