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GI - Diarrhea
PA CLin Med
51
Health Care
Graduate
01/06/2010

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Term
Define Diarrhea:
Definition
>/=3 loose BM/day
abnormal increase in stool weight/liquidity
Term
acute diarrhea is less than __days
Definition
14
Term
3 general etiologies for diarrhea:
Definition
1. infection (most common)
2. drugs
3. food
Term
what are the most common sources of infectious diarrhea?
Definition
1. Viral (50-70%)
2. Bacterial (15-20%)
3. protazoa (10-15%)
Term
Pediatrics: most common cause of diarrhea:
Definition
rotovirus often accompanied by vomiting
Term
in a study that followed <3yr olds with diarrhea what sx was associated with isolation of a bacterial pathogen?
Definition
vomiting was highly predictive of bacterial pahtogen while fever, abd pain, & blood/mucus in stool were not.
Term
common concern or geriatric diarrhea:
Definition
fecal impaction or obstructing neoplasm
Term
characteristics of inflammatory diarrhea: 5
Definition
1. Fever
2. bloody
3. colonic tissue damage
4. smaller volume
5. fecal leukocytes
Term
characteristics of non-inflammatory diarrhea:
Definition
1. Watery, nonbloody
2. periumbilical cramps/bloating
3. N/V
4. small bowel involvement = Large volume of stool
Term
etiology of non-inflammatory diarrhea:
Definition
1. viral enteritis
2. toxin producing bacteria
3. Giardia
Term
describe osmotic diarrhea:
Definition
decreased absorption due to ingestion of poorly absorbed substrate or malabsorption leads to increased concentration of solutes in lumen drawing water into lumen & forming diarrhea.resolved with NPO
Term
common examples of poorly absorbed substrates:
Definition
1. artificial sweeteners manitol/sorbitol
2. Mg+ compounds; epson salts MgSO4 & antacids MgOH2
Term
describe lactose intolerance:
Definition
decrease or absence of lactase on brush border of duodenum prevents breakdown of lactose into monosaccharides. Presence of disaccharides in the lumen causes an osmotic diarrhea as well as xs gas produced from bacterial use of lactose.
Term
mechanism of secretory diarrhea:
Definition
fluid is released into the lumen by the secretory cells at the base of the villus in the small intestine, and resorbed by the villi before reaching the large intestine. Diarrhea occurs when the secretion exceeds absorption by the villi.
Term
how do bacterial toxins produce secretory diarrhea?
Definition
toxins acivate the secretory cells to release water into the lumen uncontrollably xs water cant be absorbed = diarrhea. can be fatal if not hydrated.
Term
what is the difference btwn secretory and osmotic diarrheas:
Definition
secretory diarrhea will not resolve with a 2-3day fast like osmotic diarrhea will.
Term
mucus in the stool is indicative of:
Definition
inflammatory/infectious diarrhea causing destruction of the mucosa
Term
which metabolic dz often presents with diarrhea?
Definition
hyperthyroidism
Term
why do long distance runners sometimes have diarrhea?
Definition
blood flow during strenous exercise is directed away from the gut and into the MS sys causing ischemia.
Term
lactase deficiency os most common among which nationalities?
Definition
african and asians
Term
7 meds that can cause diarrhea:
Definition
1. Abx
2. Metformin
3. H2 antagonists
4. Proton pump inhibitors
5. Beta blockers
6. antacids
7. laxatives
Term
#1 cause of diarrhea in diabetics =
Definition
metformin
Term
Diarrhea 1-3 days duration =
Definition
viral
Term
<3wks duration =
Definition
bacterial
Term
Diarrhea >3wks duration =
Definition
not likely infectious; lactose intolerance, caffine, meds, probably want to check for parasites
Term
melanic stool is indicative of:
Definition
upper GI bleed
Term
pediactrics with green, soupy stools =
Definition
E. coli
Term
non-bloody mucus, intermittent diarrhea/constipation
Definition
IBS
Term
blood tinged mucus with no odor =
Definition
shigella
Term
cramping, pale, greesy stools, fatigue, weight loss, chronic case =
Definition
giardia
Term
sudden onset after meal =
Definition
toxin; S. aureus, ETEC, C. perfringes, B. cereus, V. parahemolyticus
Term
origin of diearrhea if it is watery:
Definition
small bowel
Term
origin of diarrhea if there is blood/mucus =
Definition
large intestine
Term
ammonia or urinary breath odor suggests:
Definition
renal failure
Term
diarrhea with tremor suggests:
Definition
hyperthyroidism
Term
diarrhea with iritis/uveitis =
Definition
IBD
Term
diarrhea with macroglossia =
Definition
amyloidosis
Term
4 dz w + occult blood:
Definition
IBD, bowel ischemia, bacterial infections, gi bleed
Term
3 organisms that have +fecal leukocytes
Definition
salmonella, campy, yersinia
Term
2 OTC antidiarrheals:
Definition
1. Loperamide (imodium)
2. bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol, kaopectate)
Term
anti-diarrheals contraindicated if diarrhea contains
Definition
blood of unknown cause
Term
anti-diarrheals contraindicated if diarrhea contains
Definition
blood of unknown cause
Term
2 drugs that are anti-peristalsis agents what are the possible complcation with these medicines if used with infection?
Definition
1. diphenoxylate
2. loperamide
diarrhea is bodies natural defense if you stop peristalsis then the infection becomes static wn the bowel and can cause toxic megacolon
Term
3 instances that Abx are indicated:
Definition
1. >48hrs
2. 6 or more stool in 24hrs
3. fever, blood or pus in stools
Term
2 alternative medications for diarrhea:
Definition
1. probiotics BID x 5d
2. Zinc in children reduced the duration and severity of diarrhea but may increase vomiting
Term
5 etiologies for pediatric chronic diarrhea:
Definition
1. toddler's diarrhea
2. cow's milk sensitivity
3. celiac dz
4. infection
5. idiopathic
Term
5 infectious causes that can be chronic:
Definition
1. giardia
2. amebiasis
3. cyclospora
4. whipple's dz
5. intestinal capilariasis
Term
5 GI dz that cause chronic diarrhea:
Definition
1. lactose intolerance
2. IBS
3. IBD
4. ischemic colitis
5. malabsorption
Term
what is the duration of diarrhea for it to be chronic?
Definition
>4wks
Term
pale, greasy, voluminous, foul smelling stools could be:
Definition
1. lactose intolerance
2. celiac
3. chronic pancreatitis
4. bacterial overgrowth
Term
sprue: AKA
Definition
celiacs
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