Term
| meat consumption per capita: most in the world? least? |
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Definition
- most- Denmark
- least- India
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Term
| drivers of agriculture production |
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Definition
- control inputs lead to products
- feed, process, transportation
- surveillance, food saftey
- provide uniform products
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Term
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Definition
• Birds are stunned first
• Scalded – efficient removal of feathers, evisceration
• Chilled in chlorinated water
• Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP)
• 1980s – 50% of poultry had salmonella
• 1998 – present: levels must be kept below 20%
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Term
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Definition
- seed producers- breeding animals
- elite and multiple breeders
- commercial low calf produce
- feedlots with high energy feed for weight gain
- economy of size
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Term
| concerns of the beef and poultry industry |
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Definition
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Animal waste
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Feed
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Water
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Air
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Disease/outbreaks
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Land use
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Energy
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Term
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Definition
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Energy (10.5%)
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Fossil fuel (17%)
–
(transportation, pesticides, fertilizers, packaging)
•
Feed (carcasses, manure…)
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Water
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Antimicrobials (>70% abs produced used inag)
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Fertilizers (51% N for feed)
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Term
| wastes (sources, annual output/amount) |
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Definition
•
Annual outputs
–
8.7 billion broiler chickens
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100 million hogs
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1.4 billion tons of waste
•
130X volume of human waste
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Untreated waste as fertilizer
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Absorption of N, P
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Pathogens, arsenic, dioxin, pops, drugs, vocs
–
methane
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Term
| amount of water used by agriculture |
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Definition
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accounts for 2/3 of water use worldwide
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1000 kg = 1 kg of grain feed
-
7 kg of grain = 1 kg of beef
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Term
| role of agriculture in greenhouse gas emissions |
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Definition
- 1/3 of global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions causes by agricultural land use
- 18% from livestock production
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Term
| mechanism of producing antimicrobial resistance with current food |
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Definition
- some of the animal feed contains antimicrobials
- 25-75% of antimicrobials pass unchanged in manure
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Term
| air and water contaimination via food production |
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Definition
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Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, organic dusts
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Respiratory effects for 25-33% of workers, neighbors
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Detectable abs, microbes, chemicals in groundwater
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Term
| health and safety risks for workers |
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Definition
•
Safety and health risk
- Ergonomics
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Sharp tools, heavy equipment, cold temps
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Hazard exposures
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Migrant workers
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Meatpacking (Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle)
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Highest injury/illness rate
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Term
| challenges to biosecurity |
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Definition
•
Air
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High-volume fans
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Feed
–
100 g/bird/day = 42 tons per cycle
of 10,000 broilers
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Water
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250 ml/bird/day = 100,000 liters
per cycle of 10,000 broilers
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Insects
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30,000 flies per broiler cycle
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Wastes
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40 – 50 g/bird/day = 20 tons per
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Term
| Why is health food more expensive |
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Definition
- most federal subsidies are foor meat and dairy products with very little for fruits and vegetables
- vegetable and fruit prices have gone up while meat, fats/oils, soft drinks have decreased in price
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Term
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Definition
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17% children/adolescents overweight
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32% adults obese
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Racial disparities (food availability)
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45% African American adults obese
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37% Mexican American adults obese
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Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke,..
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$117 billion/year (treatment, direct, indirect)
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Term
| relation between GDP and meat consumption |
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Definition
- direct (as GDP increases, meat consumption increases)
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Term
| relation between world grain consumption comparing livestock to humans |
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Definition
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Term
| trends driving growth in meat consumption |
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Definition
• Increasing per capita consumption of livestock products (worldwide)
• Moving toward more consolidated larger production system (Brazil, Thailand)
• Increasing “borderless movements” of commodities and inputs
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Term
| how are developing countries increasing their productivity |
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Definition
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