A.    :  Demography is the study of population dynamics. This includes:

• Population size
• Age specific population
• Population distribution
• Gender

• Crude birth rate
• General fertility rate
• Age-specific fertility rates
• The total fertility rate
• Life expectancy .
• Population growth rate (PGR)
• Sex ratio
• Demographic transition

the annual number of live births per 1000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44).

• the annual number of live births per 1000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15-19, 20-24 etc.)

• the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates.

• number of years which an individual at a given age can expect to live at present mortality levels.

• Ratio of males to females in a population.

The sex ratio is commonly assumed to be 105 boys to 100 girls but this figure can be skewed depending on factors such as sex-selective abortions.

• the change in population dynamics, often transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. (the shift away from a stable, stationary rate)

A.    Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population, and the application of this study to control of health problems.

• critical assumptions
  • Disease does not occur randomly
  • There are preventive and causal factors that can be identified through systematic investigation of different populations, in different places at different time (Where, When, Who)

• number of new cases occurring in a population during a defined time interval.

• proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a specified point in time.

• measure of the yearly rate of deaths in children less than one year old.  The denominator is the number of live births in the same year.

• annual number of maternal deaths due to childbearing per 100,000 live births.

• total number of deaths per 1000 people of a given age.

• number of children under 5 who die in a year per 1000 live births that year.

• number of new cases of nonfatal disease for the population at risk.

• the change in causal factors of disease that underlie a demographic transition.

• commonly used measure to ascertain the size of the economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

• similar to GDP except that it only includes income earned by nationals living in country and abroad.

• GDP divided by the total population. It is often used as an indicator of standard of living in an economy.

• increase in value of the goods and services produced by an economy. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product.

• DALY
• Human Development Index (HDI)
• Poverty and Hunger Index (PHI)

• summary measures that combine the time lost due to a disability and time lost due to death.
• DALY = YLL + YLD
• The calculation of DALYs includes the use of life expectancy tables, discount rates for future life, and age weighting

• comparative measure of poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, childbirth, and other factors for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. The higher the value of the index, the better off a country is.

• composite indicator that measures countries’ average achievements in reducing poverty and hunger using the five official indicators for measuring progress towards MDG number 1.
• These include:
  • the proportion of population living on less than US$1 a day
  • Poverty gap
  • Share of the poorest quintile in national income or consumption
  • Proportion of population undernourished
  • Prevalence of underweight children
• The higher the value of the index indicates the faster the progress towards meeting MDG1.

·         Classification issues

·         Uncertainty issues (we don’t know what causes the issue)

·         Confounding effects

§  Hawthorne effect (measuring something makes a difference)

·         Scientists aim to minimize this effect

·         Interventionalists aim to maximize this effect

§  Placebo effect

§  “jeep” effect

§  Reporting progress against target

§  Competition for financing or advocacy

·         Disincentives in reporting

·         Routine reporting vs. active surveillance

·         Holes in historical data

·         Aggregate data

§  Geographic

§  Age

§  Gender

·         Increase investments in information

·         Decrease costs of info

·         Info sharing technology

·         Ethically and strategically

·         Avoid outlier

·         Simple is elegant

·         Simplistic is dangerous

·         Advocacy should compel action, not just raise anxiety

• ellucidate and guide

·    Historical and future trends

·         Intervention choice and non choice

·         Program effectiveness

·         Allocative efficiencies

·         Equity considerations

·         Critical interactions

·         Health gap measures

§  HeaLY

§  DALY

§  QuaLY

·         Health expectancy measures

§  HALE

·         Expected life

·         At different ages

·         Future vs. current life (“social discount”)

·         Economic and social productivity