Shared Flashcard Set

Details

German 61A
Berlin
101
Other
Undergraduate 2
06/05/2008

Additional Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Unter den Linden
Definition

-The avenue runs East-West and is separated by a pedestrian walkway which is lined by linden trees.

-A line of linden trees was planted in 1647 as commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm, seeking to beautify the path that he would take from his castle to the Tiergarten where he would hunt.

-Many of the trees were damaged and burned during World War II, but were replanted in the 1950's.

Term
Brandenburg Gate
Definition

-It lies between Strasse des 17. Juni and Unter Den Linden, in Pariser Platz.

-The gate is the only remaining town gate of the City of Berlin.

-It was constructed between 1788 and 1791, based on a design by Karl Gotthard Langhans, who was the Court Superintendent of Buildings.

-On top of the gate -- which marked the border of Berlin towards Brandenburg -- a four horse chariot (quadriga) was placed. The quadriga did not last long, however, as when the French invaded the city in 1806, Napoleon ordered the statue to be brought to Paris. In 1814, however, the statue was returned to the top of the Brandenburg gate, and an eagle -- the symbol of Prussia -- was added.

-Following World War II, in which the gate was badly damaged, it again became a type of city gate, as it separated the British and Soviet sectors of the city.

-However, when the Berlin Wall was built, the gate lay in "no man's land," rendered useless by the new barrier.

-In November, 1989, however, as the Berlin wall fell, East and West Berliners flocked to the gate in celebration

Term

Reichstag

[image]

 

Definition

-the home of the German Parliament.

-In 1872, a contest was held, with 103 entries for building the new home to the German government, but because of disagreements among Wilhelm I, Otto von Bismarck, and members of Parliament, no construction began until a new contest was held in 1882. On June 9, 1884, Wilhelm I laid down the first stone in the foundation for the building designed by Paul Wallot, and it opened officially 10 years later in 1894. In 1916, the famous words "Dem Deutschen Volke" ("The German People," in English) were inscribed above the main facade of the building.

-It held the Reichstag government through World War I, and continued to be the home of the Parliament during the Weimar Republic, again using the name Reichstag.

-Soon after January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler came to power, the Reichstag building was set on fire. The Nazi's then used the burning of the Reichstag as a basis for curtailing many human rights, as constituted in the Reichstag Fire Decree. The Reichstag was not used for government functions during the Nazi rule.

-The building was further damaged during air raids in World War II, and was eventually conquered by the Soviets, as they hung a Soviet flag from the top and sprayed graffiti (some of which is still visible today).

-During the Cold War, the damaged building was left unused; it lay within West Berlin, making it off limits to the East German government, yet the capital of West Berlin was relocated to Bonn.

-Following reunification, it was decided on June 20, 1991 that the capital of Germany should be moved back from Bonn to Berlin, and Norman Foster won a contest to reconstruct the building. Before Foster went to work -- notably adding a dome which visitors can climb and peer down into the chambers (symbolizing both transparency of government, as well as a government for the people), artist Christo wrapped the Reichstag, drawing much attention to the building. Construction was completed in 1999, and the parliament again returned to the Reichstag in April of that year.

Term
Schlossplatz (Royal Palace)
Definition

[image] - a square on Museum Island. It is the former home to the Stadtschloss (city palace) where the Kings of Prussia and German Emperors lived from 1701-1871. 

- The Palace, which resided in East-Berlin was destroyed by the East German government in 1950 as they considered it a symbol of "Prussian imperialism."

-In its place, the copper-windowed Palast der Republik (Palace of the Republic) was built, featuring the Volksammer (paliament) as well as a bowling alley, art galleries restaurants and auditoriums.

-area renamed by the East German government, calling it "Marx-Engels Platz" after the Socialist thinkers.

-The name Schlossplatz was once again given to the square in 1994, following the reunification of Germany, and the Palast der Republik was subsequently torn down in 2003 following asbestos contamination.

Term
Neue Wache
Definition

-was built in 1816 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, and was built as a guard house for troops of the Crown Prince of Prussia.

-served its purpose until the end of World War I.

-In 1931, the Prussian government commissioned Heinrich Tessenow to redesign the building as a memorial to those that died in the War. He added a skylight, and the building then became known as the "Memorial for the Fallen of the War."

-The building was heavily damaged during World War II, and following the division of Berlin, it fell into the Soviet occupation zone.

-In 1960, the memorial was reopened, and this time named the "Memorial to the Victims of Fascism and Militarism," and an eternal flame and the remains of an unknown World War II victim were added. -Following reunification, the Memorial was once again rededicated as the "Central Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany for the Victims of War and Tyranny," in 1993.

-The eternal flame and remains were removed, and replaced with a sculpture by Käthe Kollwitz entitled "Mother with her Dead Son."

Term

Altes Museum

[image]

Definition
The Altes Museum (Old Museum, in English), is one of the most famous museums located on Berlin's "Museum Island." It was built by architect Karl Schinkel in 1825, originally just to hold the art collection of the Prussian Royal Family. As a result, it was originally known as the "Royal Museum." In constructing the building on Museum Island, Schinkel actually reconfigured the Spree River slightly which runs right by the museum in order to make room for the new structure.

Beginning in 1830, it was open to the public, and lasted until World War II, during which it was heavily damaged.

Reconstruction of the building occurred in 1966, and the museum took on a renewed focus: Greek and Roman art.
Term
University of Berlin (Humboldt University)
Definition
The Humboldt University of Berlin (German Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) is Berlin's oldest university, founded in 1810 as the University of Berlin (Universität zu Berlin) by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt, whose university model has strongly influenced other European and Western universities. From 1828 it was known as the Frederick William University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität), later also as the Universität unter den Linden. In 1949, it changed its name to Humboldt-Universität in honour of its founder.
Term

Tresor

[image]

Definition
Tresor is an underground nightclub in Berlin that was a leader in techno music in the 1990's, and continues on today as a center of Berlin nightlife.

The club originally started in 1988 when Interfesch Records opened the UFO club. However, because of financial problems, they relocated to a spot in East Berlin near Potsdamer Platz. Following reunification in 1989, the club took off, and became extremely popular and cutting edge.

It featured heavy techno music downstairs on the Tresor (German for vault) floor, with more mellow house music up top. According to the club's website, it pursued an apocalyptic atmosphere: "condensation dripped down the raw concrete walls of the old vault rooms; rusty steel bars separated visitors from the bar; several hundred forced-opened safe-deposit boxes lined the walls that spoke of wealth long forgotten; strobe lights and fast, hard beats dominated the dance floor."

That location closed April 16, 2005, with a 15-day long party, and has since reopened in a new location in a renovated Powerplant in the "Mitte" distrcict. Berlin is well known for its cutting-edge techno scene, and Tresor was at the forefront of the movement, and continues to be today as well.
Term
Love Palace
Definition
The Love Parade is an annual massive party held in Berlin in the middle of July every year. The first Love Parade was held in 1989, just 4 months before the Berlin Wall was torn down. Organizers of the first parade -- including "Berlin Underground," under the leadership of Matthias Roeingh -- described it as a "political demonstration for peace and international understanding through music." From 1989 until 1996, Love Parade was celebrated on Kurfurstendamm, but as it grew larger and needed more space, it moved to Strasse des 17. Juni, and the Tiergarten. The Siegessäule in the middle of the Tiergarten has become both the center of the party as well as a symbol for the parade. The music played is mostly electronic dance music, and it comes from numerous trucks set up throughout the Tiergarten, hosted by major clubs and DJs. In addition to enjoying the music and dancing, partygoers often come in costume (or, also frequently, without any clothes) and many use elicit drugs. The Love Parade has grown exponentially
Term

Gendanmarkt

 

[image]

Definition

-a square in Berlin, which gets its name from Gens d'Armes, who had stables in the location from 1736-1773.

-In 1777, Georg Christian Unger led development plans to turn the area into a public plaza. The square is surrounded by three important buildings: the Franzoischer Dom (French Cathedral), the Deutscher Dom (German Cathedral) , and the Konzerthaus (Concert Hall). The German and French Cathedrals are nearly identical structures, with the German one being the southern building.

-The French Cathedral -- the original of the two -- was built by the Huguenot community, seeking religious freedom in Berlin. The cathedral was modeled after the Huguenot Church in Charenton, France.

-The German Cathedral was constructed a few years later by Martin Grunberg, and was later modified in 1785, adding the dome, which matched the French Cathedral.

 

-The German Cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1945; it was rebuilt in 1993, and in 1996 opened in its current form: a museum of German history.

 

-The third building, the Concert Hall, was built in 1821, designed by Friedrich Schinkel, on the spot where National Theater stood before burning in 1817. 

- damaged in WWII

-Today, houses the Berlin Symphony Orchestra. In the middle of Gendarmenmarkt is a statue of Friedrich Schiller, a prominent German poet.

Term

Friedrichstrasse

[image] [image]

Definition

-located in the Mitte district of Berlin, near the city center, and services both S-Bahn and U=Bahn trains.

 

-During the Cold War, when Berlin was divided into East and West, this trainstation served as one of the few transfer points between the two sides. Though the station was located in East Berlin, two intersecting West Berlin S-bahn lines, as well as the U6 line stopped here. At the station, West Berlin passengers could stop and change tracks, though only on the West Berlin lines. The station was heavily guarded and sealed off, and there was no transfer between the two sides without appropriate paperwork.

 

-This station was unique from many others during the Cold War, as other stations serving lines from one side of Berlin, but isolated in another, would just be passed through, garnering the nickname "Geisterbahnhöfe," or ghost stations.

Term
Bebelplatz
Definition
Bebelplatz is a public square, just off of Unter den Linden boulevard. It is surrounded by buildings from Humboldt University as well as St. Hedwig's Cathedral -- the oldest Roman Catholic church in the city. The plaza is named for August Bebel, one of the founders of the German Socialist Democratic Party (SPD), and its leader in subsequent years. Bebelplatz is perhaps best known for the burning of books that took place there. On May 10, 1933, Nazi Youth Groups, through the organization of Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, burned approximately 20,000 books in Bebelplatz. The books targeted for burning were by Jewish, Communist, "Anti-Nazi" or "degenerate" writers. Works by such authors as Beretolt Brecht, Thomas Mann, Karl Marx, Albert Einstein and Franz Kafka were destroyed. Today, a glass window is built into the floor of Bebelplatz, allowing visitors to peer below the ground to see empty book shelves. Nearby a plaque quotes Heinrich Heine, one of the authors whose work was destoyed: "Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man am Ende auch Menschen" (In English: Where they burn books, they will also burn humans in the end). In 2006, while Germany was hosting the World Cup, colorful bears ringed Bebelplatz, each one painted by a different country to represent the world coming together in Berlin.
Term

Potsdamerplatz

[image]

[image]

Definition

-first traffic lights

-getting its name from the nearby city of Potsdam, the road to which originally ran through a gate in the square.

-In 1823, Karl Schinkel built a new design, including Doric-style gate houses, a customs house, and a military guard house.

-In 1866, as Berlin grew, all but two of the original gates of the city -- Brandenburg and Potsdamer -- were torn down.

-In 1838, the Potsdamer Bahnhof (trainstation) was built, as a railway now connected Berlin and Potsdam. Potsdamer Platz's popularity soared in the 1920's and 1930's, as it became a center for nightlife, as well as a major traffic center, connecting five of Berlin's busiest streets.

-A luxurious department store, and the world's largest restaurant (seating 2,500) were major sites in Potsdamer Platz.

-Potsdamer Platz grew so rapidly that Europe's first electrical street lights were installed there on October 20, 1924. Potsdamer Platz, like much of Berlin, was virtually destroyed during World War II. -Potsdamer Platz was further changed when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961, dividing what was left of Potsdamer Platz in two. The S-Bahn station at Potsdamer Platz became what was known as a "ghost station" as it was on a line connecting West Berlin despite being in East Berlin; as a result, trains simply ran through the Potsdamer Platz station without stopping, passing by an empty station except for East German guards.

-Following the fall of the Berlin wall, renovation efforts focused on Potsdamer Platz, and it became the largest construction site in Europe. It was rebuilt, with the help of many famous architects and urban planners, into a cutting-edge mixed-use space.

-It now features major buildings such as the Daimler Chrysler Building (designed by Renzo Piano), Potsdamer Platz No. 1 (home to many businesses and law firms), and the Sony Center (made of glass and steel and with decorative lights).

Term

Anhalter Bahnhof

[image]

[image]

Definition

-trainstation stood for about 100 years, and though it no longer exists in its previous state, part of the facade still stands today.

 

-The railway terminus was constructed in 1839, and officially opened on July 1, 1841 for service. Because the original lines for the track passed through the county of Anhalt, the station took on a derivative name.

-Architect Franz Heinrich Schwechten redesigned the station in 1872, making it the largest in both Germany and continental Europe.

 

-On June 15, 1880 the new station opened with Kaiser Wilhelm I, and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in attendance. Newly redesigned and much larger, the station became Berlin's "gateway to the south" connecting the city to Vienna and Prague, as well as locations in Italy and Greece.

-By 1930, trains carried an average of 44,000 people per day, with trains leaving every 3 to 5 minutes.

-like much of the city, suffered major destruction as a result of World War II. A bombing raid on November 23, 1943 seriously damaged the station, and subsequent attacks in February of 1945 left the structure with a damaged roof, unsafe platforms, and no trains able to run.

-Repairs allowed the station to again run trains, mostly receiving trains from Soviet-controlled East Germany, despite being situated in West Berlin. Finally fed up with the situation, East German leaders redirected such trains to "Ostbahnhof" in East Berlin on May 17, 1952, ending all service to the Bahnhof.

In 1960, the terminus was finally demolished, suffering from rusted tracks and damaged supports. Today, though just part of the facade still stands, and an S-Bahn line still has a stop here.

Term

Alexanderplatz

[image]

Definition

-grown from a cattle market in the 19th century to a major commercial and transportation hub for Berlin today.

In 1805, the area acquired the name in honor of a visit by Czar Alexander I of Russia.

 

-1880s marked the beginning of a period of rapid industrialization for. Within the decade, an S-Bahn station, the Grand Hotel, the Police Headquarters, the Berolina statue and the Central Market Hall were built at this site.

The rapid pace of construction and modernization continued at  until World War II. By the Weimar Period,  was densely populated with hotels, cafés, movie theaters, restaurants and three department stores. As the public transportation options improved through the addition of three subway lines, it  became a more and more desirable location for commercial enterprises and consequently a bustling hub. The frenetic pace of the square in the 1920s is captured most notably in Walter Ruttmann’s film Berlin, Symphonie einer Großstadt and Alfred Döblin’s novel. As a result of the increasing traffic, architect Peter Behrens was awarded a contract in 1929 by the city of Berlin to redesign it in an effort to streamline the multiple transportation options. Although Behrens' plan was never fully realized, he oversaw the construction of a U-shaped traffic island and two eight-story buildings (Berolinahaus and Alexanderhaus), which required the demolition of the Königstor Theater and the Haus zum Hirschen and the removal of the Berolina statue.

During World War II,  was nearly completely destroyed due to the Allied Forces bombing campaign. After the political division of the city in 1948, the responsibility for rebuilding the square fell to the East German government. In the original construction plans, Alexanderplatz was to follow the highly ornamental design principles used in the planning of Stalin-Allee (now Karl-Marx-Allee), which began construction in 1951. The building of Stalin-Allee, however, exceeded the expected costs by fifty percent.


The major rebuilding of plaza occurred in the 1960s, which involved its expansion from 18,000 at the end of the war to 80,000 square meters. During the decade, buildings, such as the 12-storey Haus des Lehrers, the 39-storey Interhotel (now Park Inn), and the 10-storey Haus der Elektrotechnik were built to dimensions that towered over the square. Between 1965-1969, the Fernsehturm (television tower) was constructed according to designs by Fritz Dieter and Günter Franke. Originally planned for Friedrichshain, it was ultimately built on Alexanderplatz as a political statement. The government expressed the desire that the tower should be visible throughout the city and thus chose the more central location. At the end of the decade, decorative elements such as the Fountain of International Friendship and the Urania World Clock were installed.

Following reunification, the German government felt that it should be redesigned to encourage the confluence of the east and west sides of the city. In 1993, a competition was held to gather potential plans.

Term

Romanisches Cafe

[image]

Definition

-was located in the Charlottenburg district, and is famous for being a meeting spot for artists, writers, and intellectuals. 

-Writers, poets, painters, journalists, directors and critics all met here and mingled; emerging artists saw the cafe as a place to network with existing artists.

The Nazi Party saw intellectuals and artists as a threat to their regime, and as a result targeted such people resulting in the death of the existing scene at the cafe. The cafe itself, already without the artists and writers for more than a decade, was officially destroyed in 1943. Among the notable people that spent time at the cafe were: Bertolt Brecht, Erich Maria Remarque, and Ernst Toller.

Term
The Institute of Sexual Science
Definition

The Institute was a non-profit foundation situated in Berlin's Tiergarten. It was headed by Magnus Hirschfeld, a doctor of Jewish ancestry. Since 1897 he had run the Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee ("Scientific-Humanitarian Committee"), which campaigned on conservative and rational grounds for gay rights and tolerance. The Committee published the long-running journal Jahrbuch fur sexuelle Zwischenstufen. Hirschfeld was also a researcher; he collected questionnaires from 10,000 people, informing his book Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes ("The Homosexuality of Man and Woman", 1914). He built a unique library on same-sex love and eroticism.[1]

After the Nazis gained control of Germany in the 1930s, the institute and its libraries were destroyed as part of a government censorship program.

Term
Scheunenviertel
Definition
("Barn Quarter") refers to a neighborhood of Mitte in the centre of Berlin. It is situated to the north of the medieval Altberlin area, east of the Rosenthaler Straße and Hackescher Markt. Until the Second World War it was regarded as a slum district and had a substantial Jewish population with a high proportion of migrants from Eastern Europe.
Term

Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church

[image]

Definition

-was commissioned by Wilhelm II, as a church to honor his grandfather, Wilhelm I.

-The church took 4 years to construct, between 1891 and 1895, and was designed by Franz Schwechten. Inside, the church truly was a monument for Wilhelm I; mosaics inside depicted the Emperor's life and contributions.

Like much of Berlin, the building was virtually destroyed in 1943 as a result of a British bombing raid. Rather than try to rebuild the destroyed church, a new one instead was built right next to the ruins of the old one. The new church took 10 years to build, from 1951 to 1961, and officially opened on May 25, 1962.

The church features symbols highlighting the reconciliation of the once warring countries; a cross made of nails from a destroyed British church, and the "Stalingrad Madonna" created in Russia are featured prominently.

Term

New Synagogue

[image]

Definition

The Neue Synagoge (Eng. "New Synagogue") was built 1859-1866 as the main synagogue of the Berlin Jewish community, on Oranienburger Straße. Because of its splendid eastern moorish style and resemblance to the Alhambra, it is an important architectural monument of the second half of the 19th Century in Berlin.

The original building was designed by Eduard Knoblauch. Following Knoblauch's succumbing to illness, Friedrich August Stüler took responsibility for the majority of its construction as well as for its interior arrangement and design. It was inaugurated in the presence of Chancellor Count Otto von Bismarck in 1866 .

 

-Set ablazed in kristalnacht and then stopped

Term
Wilhelmstrasse
Definition
Wilhelmstrasse is a major street running through the middle of Berlin, most famous for being the administrative center of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the center of power for Nazi Germany.

The street itself developed in the early 1700's. In 1740 it was given its name, in honor of Friedrich Wilhelm I, of Prussia. Beginning in 1875, the Reich Chancellory Building stood at Wilhelmstrasse 77; during the Weimar Republic, the Reich President's residence was nearby at Wilhelmstrasse 73.

A new Reichs Chancellory was built for Adolf Hitler by the Nazi's in 1938, this time on the corner of Wilhelmstrasse and Voss Strasse, at Wilhelmstrasse 4. Also during the Nazi era, the finance ministry, and propaganda ministry (headed by Joseph Goebbels) were headquartered near the original administrative buildings. The Gestapo Headquarters (Geheimstaatspolizei) was located just off of Wilhelmstrasse on Prinz Albrecht Strasse. This was arguably the most infamous street in Nazi Germany.

Other Nazi buildings on Wilhelmstrasse included the Reich's President Building, the Reich's Postal Ministry, and the Reich's Transporation Ministry, including the Reichbahn (charged with coordinating the railway system).

Nearly all of the governmental buildings on Wilhlemstrasse were destroyed during World War II, except for the Reich Air Ministry.

During the Cold War, Wilhelmstrasse fell within East Berlin, and was renamed Otto Grotewahl Strasse, after the Prime Minister of East Germany from 1949-1964.

Today, the only major buildings on the street are the British Embassy, the Agricultural Ministry, and the Air Ministry building which now houses the finance ministry.
Term
Olympic Stadium
Definition
Two Olympic stadiums have stood in the same place in Berlin. The first was built in 1912, in advance of the 1916 Olympic games to be held in Berlin. The stadium was also known as Grunewald Stadium because of its location in the West-Berlin Grunelwald forest. However, because of World War I, the Olympics never took place. In 1931, the International Olympic Committee decided on Berlin to host the 1936 Summer Olympics. The Nazi's came to power in 1933, and decided to use the games as a great propaganda moment, and therefore decided to build a brand new stadium in place of the old one. Construction occurred between 1934 and 1936, and the end result was a Reichssportfeld that covered 326 acres and had 150 buildings for sport in addition to the Olympic stadium. The 1936 Olympics were the first to have television and radio transmission, and the Olympic stadium was the scene of Jesse Owens winning four gold medals. The stadium was hardly damaged during World War II, and it continues to be used today, most recently as the site of the 2006 World Cup.
Term

Sportpalast

[image]

Definition
The Sportpalast was built in 1910 and featured a number of important sporting events and political speeches before being torn down in 1973. Originally, it was built primarily as an ice hockey rink, though it was used for many other sports, including many boxing matches.

In the late 1920's and early 1930's its focus changed to politics, as many group meetings were held by political parties -- notably the Communist and Nazi parties, outlining, planning, and discussing ideas for the future. When the Nazi's came to power, the Sportpalast became a major venue for speeches and rallies by Adolf Hitler, and Joseph Goebbels. In fact, Goebbels' "Total War" speech was given here on February 18, 1943.

The building, badly damaged in World War II, became the site where the "four powers" conference of 1954 was held. Before being torn down in 1973, the building held rock concerts in addition to occasional sporting events.
Term
Concentration Camp sachsenhausen
Definition

was a concentration camp in Germany, operating between 1936 and 1945.

-part of the town of Oranienburg.

 

-From 1936 to 1945 it was run by the National Socialist regime in Germany as a camp for mainly political prisoners;

-from 1945 to spring of 1950 it was run by the Stalinist Soviet occupying forces as "Special Camp No. 7" for mainly political prisoners.

Term
Cement cylinder
Definition
This solid cement cylinder was commissioned by Albert Speer in 1937. It is 14 meters high (about 5 stories), 21 meters in diameter, and goes 18 meters under the ground. It weights 12650 tons and exerts a pressure of 72 tons per square foot. It can't be destroyed because it is too close to residential apartments.
Term

Topography of Terror

[image]

Definition

-an outdoor museum located on the site of the former headquarters of the Gestapo (Nazi secret police).

 

-The buildings were largely destroyed during World War II as the result of bombing, and the Berlin Wall ran right next to the current day museum.

-The first exhibition took place in 1987, in commemoration of Berlin's 750's birthday. The basement of the building -- where political prisoners were tortured and executed -- was excavated, and now is the site of the museum, covered from the elements by a canopy. According to the director of the museum, Andras Nachama, the museum's purpose is to "deal with the question of how in 150 days, from January to June 1933, a democracy was turned into a totalitarian dictatorship that was able in that short time to subordinate all of the institutions of the state to its purpose."

Term
Flughafen Tempelhof
Definition

-airport

-used as landing strip for fighter jets in WWII

-Soviets took control of it after battle of berlin

-Used for Berlin Airlift

Term

Luftbrucke Memorial

[image]

Definition
-at templehoff, for the Berlin Airlift
Term
Checkpoint Charlie
Definition

-Gateway to East and West

was the name given by the Western Allies to a crossing point between East Berlin and West BerlinCold War, located at the junction of Friedrichstraße with Zimmerstraße and Mauerstraße (which coincidentally means 'Wall Street'). It is in the Friedrichstadt neighborhood, which was divided by the Berlin Wall. Many other sector crossing points existed in Berlin. Some of these were designated for residents of West Berlin and West German citizens. Checkpoint Charlie was designated as the single crossing point (by foot or by car) for foreigners and members of the Allied forces. (Members of the Allied forces were not allowed to use the other sector crossing point designated for use by foreigners, the Friedrichstraße railway station.) The name Charlie came for the letter C in the NATO phonetic alphabet

Term

Friedrichstrasse Bhf

[image]

Definition
located in the Mitte district of Berlin, near the city center, and services both S-Bahn and U=Bahn trains. During the Cold War, when Berlin was divided into East and West, this trainstation served as one of the few transfer points between the two sides. Though the station was located in East Berlin, two intersecting West Berlin S-bahn lines, as well as the U6 line stopped here. At the station, West Berlin passengers could stop and change tracks, though only on the West Berlin lines. The station was heavily guarded and sealed off, and there was no transfer between the two sides without appropriate paperwork. This station was unique from many others during the Cold War, as other stations serving lines from one side of Berlin, but isolated in another, would just be passed through, garnering the nickname "Geisterbahnhöfe," or ghost stations.
Term
Karl Marx Allee/ Stalinallee
Definition

-dedicated to stalin

- monumental socialist boulevard built by the young GDR between 1952 and 1960 in Berlin FriedrichshainMitte. Today the boulevard is named after Karl Marx. and

-It was designed by the architects Hermann Henselmann, Hartmann, Hopp, Leucht, Paulick and Souradny to contain spacious and luxurious apartments for plain workers, as well as shops, restaurants, cafés, a tourist hotel and an enormous cinema (the International).

-Most of the buildings are covered by architectural ceramics. Landmarks of the Karl-Marx-Allee are the two domed towers on Frankfurter Tor.

 

Term
Berlin Wall
Definition
was a barrier separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany. The longer 'inner German border' demarcated the remainder of the East-West German border between the two states. Both borders were part of the Iron Curtain.

The wall separated East Berlin and West Berlin for 28 years, from the day construction began on August 13, 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989. During this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin, according to official figures.[1] However, a prominent victims' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from East to West Berlin.[2] The GDR/East German government gave shooting orders to border guards dealing with defectors; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which GDR officials have denied exist.[3]

When the East German government announced on November 9, 1989, after several weeks of civil unrest, that visits in West Germany and West Berlin would be permitted, crowds of East Germans climbed onto and crossed the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it.

The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990.

 

-13 feet high 240 watch towers

Term

Palace of the Republic

 

Definition

-was a building in Berlin, on the bank of the River Spree between Schloßplatz and the Lustgarten (both referred to jointly as Marx-Engels-Platz from 1951 to 1994). It served primarily as the seat of the East German parliament, the Volkskammer, but it also housed two large auditoriums, art galleries, restaurants and a bowling alley.

-demolished because of asbestos contamination

-built on site of Berlin city Palace

Term
Schlossplatz
Definition
is a square on Museum Island (Museumsinsel) in Berlin, Germany. It measures about 225 m by 175 m, with its long side oriented on an axis approximately southwest/northeast. At its west corner is the Schlossbrücke (Palace Bridge), from which Unter den Linden leads west to the Brandenburg Gate. From the same corner Karl-Liebknecht-Straße runs northeast alongside the square and on to Alexanderplatz.

It was the site of the Berliner Stadtschloss (Berlin City Palace). From 1949 to 1990 it was part of East Berlin, the capital of East Germany. In 1950, the remains of the city palace were blown up, and in 1951 the square was renamed Marx-Engels-PlatzKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels. New buildings erected included the Palast der Republik, the Council of State building, and the Foreign Ministry building. The Council of State building contains a balcony from the former city palace, where Karl Liebknecht proclaimed a socialist republic on November 9, 1918. (Marx-Engels Square) after

Term
Holocaust memorial (Memorial of murdered Jews in Europe)
Definition
The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (in German: Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas), is often referred to as Berlin's "Holocaust memorial." It is a 4.7 square acre site in central Berlin, built by engineers Buro Happold, and designed by architect Peter Eisenmann. Two competitions were ultimately held for designing a Holocaust memorial in Berlin, led by journalist Lea Rosh with the backing of the German parliament. The first winning monument, as selected by a team of historians, architects, urban designers and politicians was to be a large, walkable concrete plate. This plan, however, was vetoed by Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Eisenmann then won the 2nd competition on June 25, 1999 by vote of the Bundestag. Construction of Eisenmann's plan began April 1, 2003, and finished December 15, 2004. The Memorial consists of 2,711 concrete slabs, which are arranged in a grid-like pattern on top of a sloping surface. According to Eisenmann, the layout is supposed to "produce an uneasy, confusing atmosphere," and to represent "a supposedly ordered system that has lost touch with human reason." There is an underground museum attached to the memorial which includes the names of all known Jews who died in the Holocaust. Controversy arose in 2003 when it was discovered that the Degussa company which was involved in the memorial's construction, had ties to the Nazi persecution of the Jews, including the manufacturing of Zyklon B gas which was used in gas chambers.
Term
Bayerisches Viertal Memorial
Definition
The Bayerische Viertel (Bavarian Quarter, in English) Memorial is located in the Bavarian district of the Schoenberg neighborhood.

Historians have discovered the names of more than 6,000 of the Jews who lived in this predominantly Jewish neighborhood who were deported or killed during the Holocaust. The memorial is decentralized; it is made of 80 two-sided plaques on 80 different lampposts throughout the area. The goal of the memorial is to focus on the many steps that led to the persecution of Jews, and how it impacted their every day lives.

Along with dates, the plaques list ordinances aimed at hurting the Jewish population, such as: Jews are no longer permitted to go to the Wannsee beach. August 22, 1933; Jewish actors and actresses are not longer allowed to perform. March 4, 1934; Jews are not longer allowed to obtain a Ph.D. April 15, 1937; all male Jews have to add "Israel" to their first name and all female Jews have to add "Sara." August, 17 1938; and First trains of deportees went directly into the extermination camp Auswitz. July 11, 1942.

Note: street signs are placed throughout the Bavarian Quarter. Points on this map do not necessarily correspond to exact location of signs as part of the memorial.
Term

Grunewald memorial

[image]

Definition
The Grunewald train station in Berlin dates back to 1879, and is still used today as a stop on the S-bahn line; it, however, is better known for its prominent role in deporting Jews from Berlin under the Nazi regime. The first deportation of Jews bound for concentration camps in Eastern Europe occurred on October 18, 1941, with 1,251 Jews on board. In total, approximately 50,000 Jews were sent from Berlin to be prisoners at concentration camps.

Today, a number of monuments at the site of the train station pay respect to the victims and the role of the station in transporting victims. In 1991, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the first such trip from Grunewald, a monument was installed, designed by Polish artist Karol Broniatowski. It is a concrete slab, embedded with the silhouettes of human figures. A second monument, Gleis 17 (track 17) was installed at the deportation ramp. It is laid on the ground, with the destinations, dates, and number of passengers of the trips that left from Grunewald. Additional plaques memorialize the victims, including one with a title in Hebrew, and recognition of the "tens of thousands of Jews" who left from here "to be deported and murdered."

Information and Photos from "A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust," College of Education, University of South Florida. 2005.
Term

Wittenburg memorial

[image]

Definition
The Wittenberg Memorial is located outside of the Wittenbergplatz train station. It is a large, imposing sign that was built by the League for Human Rights in 1967. A sentence, written in German, at the top of the sign says "Places of terror we must never forget." Below, in yellow, are the names of 12 concentration camps, to which victims were sent, such as Auschwitz, Dachau, and Bergen-Belsen.
Term
Jewish Museum
Definition
as founded on Oranienburger Straße in 1933. It was closed in 1938 by the Nazi regime. The idea to revive the museum was first voiced in 1971, and an "Association for a Jewish Museum" was founded in 1975. A Jewish department of the Berlin Museum was opened after the Berlin Museum first displayed an exhibition on Jewish history in Berlin in 1978. In 1999 the Jewish Museum Berlin was granted status as an independent institution. A building by Daniel Libeskind was finished in 1999 and officially opened in 2001.

The director of the museum is Professor W. Michael Blumenthal, who is originally from Berlin and was US Secretary of the Treasury under President Jimmy Carter.

The entrance is located in an adjacent building, a museum of German history, through a staircase and tunnel embedded in a concrete tower that goes through all the floors of the German museum. This symbolizes that German and Jewish history are inseparable, violent and secret.
Term

Karl Schinkel

[image]

Definition

-oversaw the Prussian Building Commission.
 -was charged with creating a city fit for the Prussian Empire.

-followed a neoclassical style for many of his buildings, many of which still stand in Berlin today. -most notable buildings include the Neue Wache, Gendarmenmarkt, Altes Museum, and the Schauspielhaus.
-there are many sketches of his that were never turned into actual

Term
Josephine Baker
Definition

was an African-American dancer and entertainer appreciated by many in Berlin, but also subject to racism and cultural criticism.

She dropped out of school at the age of 12, and by age 13 had started her career as a dancer. She moved to New York, during the Harlem Renaissance, where she became a well known chorus-line dancer. In 1925 she began performing in Paris where she drew rave reviews, including from Ernest Hemingway, who described her as "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw." While in Europe, she began to develop her abilities beyond dancing, to include singing and acting as well.

She gained so much fame and admiration in Europe that even the Nazis -- when they came to power -- did not want to cause her harm. Taking advantage of this, she managed to smuggle intelligence out of Germany coded in her sheet music.

Baker played a role in the American Civil Rights movement, and indeed made her own statement by adopting twelve orphans of varying races, whom she named her "rainbow tribe."

On April 10, 1975, the day after she starred in a revue in Paris which celebrated her life and career, Baker was found lying in a coma in her bed, surrounded by positive reviews of her show the night before.

 

openess of europeans to mixing.

Term
Erwin Piscator
Definition

 was a German theatrical director and producer who, with Bertolt Brecht, was the foremost exponent of epic theater, a genre that emphasizes the sociopolitical context rather than the emotional content or aesthetics of the play.[1]

Term
Magnus Hirschfeld
Definition

In 1919, under the more liberal atmosphere of the newly founded Weimar Republic, Hirschfeld was given a former royal palace for his new Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexual Research) in Berlin. His Institute housed his immense library on sex and provided educational services and medical consultations. People from around Europe visited the Institute to gain a clearer understanding of their sexuality.

 

a German physician, sexologist and gay rights advocate.
Term
Joseph Goebbels
Definition

-was a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda in Nazi GermanyAdolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers. Goebbels was known for his zealous, energetic oratory, and virulent anti-Semitism. from 1933 to 1945. He was one of German dictator

 

-After the Nazis gained power in 1933, he was appointed propaganda minister. One of his first acts was to order the burning of books by Jewish or anti-Nazi authors at Bebelplatz and he proceeded to gain full control of every outlet of information in Germany. Following his appointment, his attacks on German Jews became ever fiercer and culminated in the Kristallnacht in 1938, the first open and unrestrained pogrom unleashed by the Nazis.

 

Term
Fichte
Definition
wrote political philosophy, and is thought of by some as the father of German nationalism
Term
Hegel
Definition

Hegel discussed a relation between nature and freedom, immanence and transcendence, and the unification of these dualities without eliminating either pole or reducing it to the other. His influential conceptions are of speculative logic or "dialectic," "absolute idealism," "Spirit," the "Master/Slave" dialectic, "ethical life," and the importance of history.

 

German idealism

 

Term
Napoleon
Definition

was a military and political leader of France in the early 19th century.

-born to a relatively affluent family, and graduated from the prestigious École Royale Militaire in Paris.

 

-in 1785, he became a second lieutenant at the age of 16. He continued to rise in stature in the army, helping to lead the invasion of Italy in 1796.

-in Egypt, battling with the Ottoman Empire to protect French trade interests, when he came back to France upon the request of influential people seeking a coup d'etat to overthrow the current government.

 

- after throwing out govt. played a key role in writing the new constitution, and then maneuvered himself to be First Consul, making him the most powerful person in France.

-Continuing to serve as military leader as well, Napoleon led other battles, including defeating the Prussian army; to symbolize this victory, his troops took the Quadriga which sat atop the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin as a demonstration of France's success.

Following a failed invasion of Russia, support for Napoleon began to wane, and eventually he was sent into exile in Elba -- an island off the coast of Italy -- before being imprisoned and sent to the British island Saint Helena.

It is still unclear what the cause of his death was in 1821, with popular theories being either stomach cancer or arsenic poisoning.

Term

Humboldt

[image]

Definition

-(1767-1835) was a German philosopher, linguist and diplomat, and is widely credited with creating the Prussian educational system which was used as a model for the current day American and Japanese education, among others.

-As a philosopher, he defended strongly the liberties of the Enlightenment.

-As a linguist, he studied the Basque language, and is credited with being the first European to understand that language was driven by a rule-governed system, rather than just a collection of words.

-As a diplomat, he was an ambassador from Prussia who negotiated peace accords following the Napoleonic Wars.
-Humboldt University

 

Term
John Heartfield and "Ntrodcution: First International Dada Fair"
Definition

His photomontages satirising Adolf Hitler and the Nazis often subverted Nazi symbols such as the swastika in order to undermine their propaganda message.

One of his more famous pieces, made in 1935 entitled Hurrah, die Butter ist Alle! (English: Hurray, The Butter is Finished!) was published on the frontpage of the AIZ in 1935. A parody of the aesthetics of propaganda, the photomontage shows a family at a kitchen table, where a nearby portrait of Hitler hangs and the wallpaper is emblazoned with swastikas. The family — mother, father, old woman, young man, baby, and dog — are attempting to eat pieces of metal, such as chains, bicycle handlebars, and rifles. Below, the title is written in large letters, in addition to a quote by Hermann Goering during food shortage. Translated, the quote reads: "Iron has always made a nation strong, butter and lard have only made the people fat".

- dadaism is reaction to attempts to deny factual force of impressionists, expressionists, cubists and futruists

- photography art

-mocks nazi- eat jews for butter, enlghtenment with book burning,

eat jews fro butter.

 

Term

Brecht

[image]

[image]

 

Definition

Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) was a playwright, theater director, and poet, as well as a follower of Marxism.

Brecht was born in Bavaria, near Munich, to a religious, middle-class family. His work was cutting-edge for the time, and focused on "epic theater" -- a term still used today to refer to works similar to those of Brecht. In epic theater, reality is mirrored, and rather than existing as a form of entertainment, the plays challenge the audience to make judgments on opposing sides of an argument, and on reality itself.

Perhaps Brecht's most successful work was his adaptation of John Gay's "The Beggar's Opera," into the "Threepenny Opera." It was a strong critique of the Church, and, in Brecht's eyes, its hypocritical stance on morality in the face of the suffering of the working class.

As a strong believer in Marxism, when the Nazi's came to power in Germany, Brecht, fearing persecution, fled to Denmark and then Sweden. However, as Hitler began to invade Scandinavia, Brecht got a Visa and came to the United States. While in the US, Brecht got called to testify to the House un-American Activities Committee because of his Communist beliefs and role in the entertainment industry.

Following his testimony, he flew back to Germany, and settled in East Berlin, albeit with a higher standard of living than other East Germans as a result of monetary compensation from his copyrights on scripts. Additionally, East Germany lured him back with the promise of his own theater company, the Berliner Ensemble.

 

"To those Born Later"- sends message that tehy tried to fight the Nazis. They have lived in truly darked times. written 1938. what they did gave a voice to opposition, wasn't enough. 

 

Brecht died at the age of 58, as the result of a heart attack.

Term
Leni Refenstahl
Definition
Leni Riefenstahl (full name: Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl) was an actress, dancer, and filmmaker, most well known for her Nazi propaganda films.

Riefenstahl was born in 1902 and raised in Berlin. She pursued acting and dancing until she heard Adolf Hitler speak in 1932. According to the Daily Express, upon reading Mein Kampf, she "became a confirmed National Socialist after reading the first page. I felt a man who could write such a book would undoubtedly lead Germany. I felt very happy that such a man had come."

Riefenstahl produced many films for the Nazi Party -- directly at the request of Hitler -- including Der Sieg des Glaubens (Victory of faith), and Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht (Day of Freedom: our Armed Forces). She gained much notoriety for her propaganda film "Triumph of the Will," which was widely revered in Nazi Germany, and banned in the United States. She became a close friend of Hitler's, though it is uncertain whether she had a more intimate relationship with him or not.

Following World War II, she was sent to a French detention camp where she spent four years. During interrogations, she claimed to be unaware of the concentration camps, stating that she was fascinated by the Nazi Party, but politically naive.

Despite her controversial status as a propagandist for the Nazi Party, her talent as a filmmaker has been widely complemented, including by The Economist magazine, which proclaimed her the best filmmaker of the 20th century.
Term
Albert Speer
Definition

Hitler's Architect, imagined a new Berlin, which would be the capital of the world. His plan was to make a North-South Axis through the city, extending from the Spree River southward through Berlin. The plan was never implemented, although some preparatory structures were created.

-planned to make grand hall and arch

 -Forced labor of jews for military not for rebuilding berlin

Term
Fritz reuter
Definition
German Novelist
Term
Konrad Adenauer
Definition
Although his political career spanned sixty years, beginning as early as 1906, he is most noted for his role as the first Chancellor of West Germany from 1949–1963 and chairman of the Christian Democratic Union from 1950 to 1966. He was the oldest chancellor ever to serve Germany, leaving at the age of eighty-seven.Although his political career spanned sixty years, beginning as early as 1906, he is most noted for his role as the first Chancellor of West Germany from 1949–1963 and chairman of the Christian Democratic Union from 1950 to 1966. He was the oldest chancellor ever to serve Germany, leaving at the age of eighty-seven.
Term
Erich Honecker
Definition
was a German Communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until 1989.
Term

Peter Eisenmann

[image]

Definition
-a renowned architect, and the designer of the "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe" in Berlin.

He studied architecture at Cornell, where he earned a bachelor's degree, followed by a master's from Columbia's School of Architecture, and a PhD in the same field from the University of Cambridge. Eisenman gained notoriety as part of the "New York Five," a group of influential architects from the city.

He has garnered criticism for some of his structures which, while academically and theoretically innovative, were not especially safe or useful creations in practice. Perhaps his two best-known designs are the Wexner Center for the Arts at Ohio State University, and the previously mentioned memorial in Berlin.

Eisenman won a contest seeking designs for a Holocaust Memorial in Berlin, with the backing of the German Bundestag. In addition to his non-traditional memorial approach (in that there are no plaques to read, and no explicit information, except for the information center below ground indicating that it is a Holocaust Memorial), he also received some criticism as a result of one of the companies hired in the construction of the monument. Degussa, which provided the anti-graffiti cover for the monument, was revealed to have been involved in creating the Zyklon-B gas, which was used by the Nazi's in the gas chambers during the Holocaust. Eisenman supported continuing to work with Degussa, despite this revelation, much to the dismay of many Jewish groups. Despite the controversy, Eisenman stuck with Degussa (which did the work free of charge) and the Memorial opened May 10, 2005.
Term
Daniel Libeskind
Definition

made jewish museum in berlin

and won contest for world trade center

Term

Frederick William III

 

[image]

Definition

-(1770-1840) was King of Prussia from 1797 until 1840.

-son of King William II, and became crown Prince, when his father became King in 1786.

-military training as he was growing up, and by 1790 had become a Colonel.

-Prussian Army collapsed in battle with the French during the Franco-Prussian War in 1806. Eventually, turning against France, he signed an alliance with Russia (where he spent some time), and returned back to Berlin.

 

Term
Kathe Kollwitz
Definition
Kathe Kollwitz (1867-1945) was a German artist -- specializing in lithographs and sculpture. She was a firm Socialist, and pacifist, and her work often reflected her views. She produced portrayals of death, hunger, and suffering, using dark colors.

She was the first woman ever to be elected to the Prussian Academy of Arts; however, when the Nazi Party came to power, she was forced to resign, and her work was removed from museums. Despite being visited by the Gestapo, Kollwitz continued to live in Berlin until 1943, at which point she moved to Moritzburg, where she lived until her death just before the end of World War II.

In 1993, an enlarged version of her work "Mother with her Dead Son" was placed in the Neue Wache, serving as a monument to the "victims of war and tyranny." The sculpture sits in an empty room, beneath a circular skylight which exposes the piece to the elements.
Term

Siggasaule

[image]

Definition
The Victory Column (Siegessaule, in German), celebrates the victories of the Prussian army. It was designed in 1864 by Heinrich Strack following the Prussian victory in the Prussian-Danish war. However, by the time it was officially installed on September 2, 1873, Prussia also enjoyed victories over Austria in the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, and over France in the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. As a result, the victory column built for a single victory now represents three. The foundation is decorated with reliefs showing battle scenes from the three wars as well as a depiction of the victorious troops marching home, while the column features three canons (one stolen from the opposing army in each of the victories), and is itself constructed of four blocks of sandstone. At the top of the column is the "Victoria" statue which is made of bronze, and weighs 35 tons. The statue stood in front of the Reichstag from its creation until 1938, at which point it was moved by the Nazi government to its current location in a prominent intersection near the Tiergarten. Unlike much of Berlin, the Siegessaule was hardly damaged during World War II, thanks to its new location away from the Reichstag which was heavily damaged.
Term
Charm of Berlin by Harold Nicolson
Definition

-Paris was an old lady and Berlin is young and cheerful

-Berlin is cheerful and lively

 

Term
Wallis Miler's "Schinkel and the Politics of German Memory"
Definition

- Greek portico and roman  castrum

-war memorials shows people on "right" side

- about the Neue Wache

- Tessenow designed the interior with skylight

-Today Kollwitz design of Pieta, woman mourning her son.

-"juxtaposition of interior and exterior established by schinkel that anticipated the needs of German memory"

Term
Harley "Silence and Secrecy"
Definition

- maps secrecy bad for good government

-maps not withheld by  strong monarchs used against them later.

-Companies shipping like dutch had laws on secrecy of maps.

-silences- either unimportant or suppresed

 -maps connected with expansion and military

not objective lots of things are missing

-maps of indian territory are not in the U.S. map

 

 

Term
Run Lola Run by Tom Tykwer
Definition

-techno music, captures 1990's

-soundtrack for RLR to follow culture

- made 1998. 8 years after unification

-establishing shot

-chance or possibility- existential

-photo flash- quick way of telling stories to people

-time and space

 

Term
Book Burning Exhibit CEY
Definition

-showed books of Hirsch

-teich compositions

Term
Berlin Symphony of a Great City
Definition

-first film, railway lines

-no dialogue, city subject of his film

-city in a day, movement, complexity and exhiliration

-rhythms of a city

-Berlin in 1 24 hour period

-film of train moving: shows movement, anxiety, city as protagonist

-rapid cuts and splcing together of multiple viewpoints.

-view above doesn't convey what's going on in the bottom

 -superimpsition

-crisis, murder, stock market, marriage, geld

 

Term

Ludwig Meidner and "An Introduction to Painting the Metropolis"

Definition

-take parts of a city (noise, masses, railroads) to convey his feeling

-"Me & the City"- conveys feeling to be in Berlin 1913

-Feeling of being trapped

-people thought appocalypse was close

-storm- feel eminent destruction of near the world

-don't use vagueness of impressionism

-space light and dark

-paint nervously

-use white and black in painting berlin

-paint what is close to us

Term

George Simmel and "Metropolis and Mental Life" 1903

Definition

-subjectivity- sense of self

-space time language

-hyperstimulation

-railway lines, movement electricity

-conform to society, insert yourself into the city so not overwhelmed

-blase attitude- don't care let go

-sometimes we don't even know our neighbors

-today metropolitan man is free with refined sense

-city llfe for gain, not granted by nature but by other men

-individual is reduced to a neglible quantity "mere cog"

 

Term
ETA Hoffman and "My Cousin's corner window"
Definition

-began in 19th century

-romantic sotires

-aobut his cousin looking in window

-berlin on  cusp of bieng modern and organized space

-window like watching TV

-anonymity- the way we experience urban space

-Gendanmarket

-Berlin 19th century to 10th cnetury

-diversity in crowd

-mean women who makes her husband miserable

-seller doing well, somebody breaks her goods

-girl first exposed to market

-blindman recieves money and taken by vegetable lady at end of day

-fight!

Term
Alfred Doblin and "Berlin Alexanderplatz"
Definition

- inspired by james jays, virginia wolf

-what modern lit. can look like

 -franz bibekor--> reenters society

-berlin took alexander and beat him

- everything in a city

-copied down notices around the city.

 

 

Term
Weimar Berlin
Definition

-had to do w/ rise of mass media

-consumer society- cabaret, theater, film, radio

-big theateres, in 1920's expressionsim, network city

-social political women and gay opened up

fascination w/ america

-art-->montage

-berlin build's out because built on sand.

-1920's growth of suburbs

-s-bahn and u-bahn

 

Term
dadaism
Definition

-art movement

-rebellion- against war, nationalism

-art and literature-->alfred doblin

-hannah hoch, john heartfield, raul hausman, hulsenbeck

-museum-anti art movement, anti nationalist, communist

-hates conservatism, bourgeoise, nationalism

-hannah hoch- photo montage

origignated in zurich

 

 

Term

George Grosz and "My New Pictures"

Definition

-city not recognized

- first world war- used of masss killing of 1st technical war

-facial disconfigurations

-montage form

-reassembling ideologies

-these masses are the ones reoraganizing the world

-supress color, expressionism mmust stop

-communism will lead to an enrichemnt and further development of humanity to a truly classless society

 

Term
hannah hoch
Definition

-is best known for her work of the Weimar period, when she was one of the originators of photomontage.

-This piece combines images from newspapers of the time re-created to make a new statement about life and art in the Dada movement.

Term
cabaret culture
Definition

new woman- meant women play greater role in society

-1919 Year Women granted suffrage

-engage politically and socially

-Break down gender nomrs- WWI men injured women worked.

-tiller girls

Term
Cabaret (1972) by Bob Fosse
Definition

-eagerness of Germans

-questioned traditional values

-Josephine Baker

-represented consurmer society

-stereotypes w/ JB.

-show political disenchantenment

-sanctuary from troubles of daily life

-exploration of  sexuality

-Berliners- not very Nazi

-Nazi's went to rural areas, "Tomorrow Belongs to Me"

- fritz tutored girl

-Baron gives tehm money

Economy- decedence, drunk promiscuity

-Fritz (Jewish)

- Monkey Dance- Racial politics, cultural relations. Monkey is a Jew that is human like, respectable, proper, good lady, clver/smart, interacial marriage banned, jews as scapegoat, man monkey not typical relationship, always seen as less than, silent, docility, no voice, hairy, beauty on the eye of the beholder

Term

heusenbeck and "first dada manifesto"

Definition

-art in its execution adn direction is dependent on the time in which it lives

-best art- lots of secrets

-reality come into its own

-dadaist demand- everybody owns everything equal, rid of expressionism, regulation of sexual relations, sexual freedom

-sort out economy

Term
schivelbusch
Definition
railway neurosis
Term

judenfrage- jewish question

 

Definition

15th century nazi period

-expulsion of jews in 14th-16th century

-non national minorities

-non national languages

-differ in religion practices

-scapegoat for black plague

-Anti semtisim (hatred of Jews)

 

Term
antisemitism because
Definition

1. religious reasons- not recognize christ, not saved.

2. national and linguistic reasons- yiddish, hebrew

3. Social reasons- wandering/home

4. economic reasons/ money- lending money

5. racial reasons- not a race becauser of biology, Eugenics- science of race.

 

Term
rosenthaler thor
Definition

gate where jews are allowed- also enter hamburgerere

-jews in edge of city

-extend thousand jews 1% of population

Term
ivan goll and "negroes are coming to europe"
Definition

-josephine baker

-dance of the savages

-emphasize the parody

-leading role belongs to negro blood

 

Term
Frederick II and "The Charter Decreed for the Jews of Prussia" (1750)
Definition

-abuses among the licensed and tolerated Jews and has caused damage and hardship to chritian inhabitants and Jewry itself.

- No other Jews are to be tolerated except those named in the lists that are attached to the end of these regulations.

-Lists of tolerated jewish officials 

- settle one child, a son or daughter during their liftime

-not marry until verifed that the Jew fought for prussia.

-not stay away from home for more than 1 year wihtout authorization

-other jews must pay for other jews taxes

- jews allowed to do business with lending and certain goods.

- what jews can trade

- allwoed to come into the city wiht any wares except broken gold and silver

- limits jews to commerceand industry

Term
Moses Mendelssohn
Definition

-special protected jew

-assimilation is key

-his ideas led towards assimilation, loss of identity for Jews and the dilution of traditional Judaism

-basic thrust is that the state has no right to interfere with the religion of its citizens, Jews include

-Corrected Dohm's views.

-Civil admission of the jews.

-either not to tolerate jews at all or to allow them to exercise agricultural and mechanical trades.

 

Term
Frederick William III and "Emancipation of Prussia"
Definition

-resolved to grant the adherents of the Jewish faith in our monarchy a new constitution sutiable to the general welfare.
- Jews considered as natives

-Use German language and letters.

-assimailatinon

-predicts the future, letter of protection

-carry on permited trade

-marriage allowe

-Education by jews

-grants jews full civil rights

 -

Term
Christian Wilhelm von Dohm and "Concerning the Amelioration of the Civil Status" (1781)
Definition

- asks for improvement of Jew's civil status, bring desired improvement to their public morality.

-the restrictions cause Jews to be bad

-moral corruption of jews is consequence of oppressed condition in which they have been living for many centuries

- everything the jews are blamed for is caused by the political conditions under which they now live, and any other group of men, would be be guilty fo such erros

-can one be surprsied at his hatred for a nation which gives him so many and so stinging proofs of its hatred fro him?

-his religion does not commend these dishonesties...we ourselves are guilty of the crimes we accuse him of

-give them equal rights

-jews not excluded from agriculture

-judengasse (ghetto) are remnants of old harsh principles

-hebrews obey in german language

-every art and science open to jews

-equality w/ christians and jews

-jews in court, jews tried by jews

-"jews are prohibited by their religion from serving the army" so no civil rights

-jews too will fulfill the obligation to defend the society which has given them equal rights.

 

Term
Theodor Mommsen and "a word about our jewry"
Definition

-thought about jewsih status

-opposed antismetism

-assimilation in a more thorough fashion of jews, throow away cultural identity and religious independence

-our jewsih compatriots are nothing less than germans

-they must make up their minds and tear down all barriers between themselves and their German compatriots.

-against von treitschke

Term
Heinrich von Treische and "A word about our Jewry" (1880)
Definition

-justified growing hostility of jews despite unification.

-Assimilation rapidly and that to participate in German culutre and society.

-Ther ewill nevr abe a complete solution

-It is not possible to change the hard German heads into Jewish heads. The only way out is for our fellow citizens to make up theri minds without reservation to be Germans. 

-addresses the "The German Jewsih Question"

-Jews become Germans

-Greatest danger however is the influence of the Jews in the press. Newspapers are written by jews.

-romantic nationalism

-"Jews are our misfortune"

Term
Joseph roth and "Wandering Jews"
Definition

-Jews are different

-surveys streets of berlin writes about it

-berlin is an in between station

-see people of different race, Germany a transit station 

-half a jew's life is consumbed by the futile battle wiht papers

-eastern jews are in transit visa

-pickpockets, bigamists, con artists. No violent criminals no murderers

-they check papers on the streets as well

-Jewish beverage mead

-whatever clothes he buys he sells next mornign at the old clothes exchange

-Most Jewish street is Hirtenstrasse, saddest street in the world because of bad living conditions

-

Term
Walter Rathenau and "Hear, O Israel!"
Definition

-won election in germany to become german foreign minsiter

-murdered because he's a jew

- coming out- "jew"

-Idea of how jews can become just like a German

 -you may ask if i am trying to convert you (my fellow jews to christianity) certainly not.

-baptism will certainly not bring an end to the Jewish Question.

- nazi made it a required reading

-jew look clumsinesss

-jew women don't smile

Term
Nazi Rice to Power
Definition

1914-1918 WWI

1916- Jew Count

 1920-Formation of Nazi Party
1924- Beer Pursch- Hitler failed in leading a group of war veterans in Munich

1928- 2% Nazi Party

1932/1933-> Nazi Party for Power

-Build new society that connects to nationalism

-concerned wiht living space

-identity in danger

-attracted middle class and industry

-looking for revenge and answers

-said that jews did not fight for Germany in WW1

- Mein Kampf writen by Hitler while in jail (1924)

-support big business and rural communities

-election of paul hindenberg

-paul hindenberg- died after

-appoints hitler

-reichstag feb 1933 set on fire

-dual sharing of power. hitler became pres/ chancellor

-hindenberg passes enabling act and dissolves constituion and parliament

-SA put together by hitler

Term
Goebbels and "Why we hate hte Jews" and Around the Gedchtniskirche"
Definition

-Propaganda Minister of Nazi

-How to convey Nazi Ideas

-Book burinign burs diverse ideas

-converted masses

-why hate the jews?

1. we are fighters of the german people the jew is the casue and the benificiary of our misery. he has used the social difficulties of the broad masses of our people to deepen the unholy split between right and left.

2.he has halved germany

3. lived on fact that no solution

4. corrupted race, fouled our morals, undermined our customs,

-jew is palstic demon.

Term

hitler speech sportspalast

Definition

-thanked mussolini

-thanked german people 

-Germans determined to solve our own problems

-Honorable great nation in history books

Term

joseph goebbels "do you want total war?"

 

Definition

-i shall remeber the heroes of stalingrad

-national socialism

-terror of the jews and prepare war against europe

 -were german army are not position to break the danger from the east, reich would fall to boshivism

-German army can save Europe from this treat

-danger is a motivating foce.

-bring chaos to reich an europe

-west in danger, total war is a msut

-athletes fight wiht army, volunteer

-Woman work for spot man left

-asked questions: wether people believe on the Fuhrer.

-use media

der angriff-gripping of power

-Jews responsibe for misery

 

Term
nuremberg laws
Definition

of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. They used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against Jewish people. The laws classified people as German if all four of their grandparents were of "German blood" (white circles on the chart), while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents (black circles in top row right). A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed, of "mixed blood".

-law to protect german blood and honor

-intermarriage illegal

Term
Radio
Definition

Use technology, hitler wants radio in every household, cheap radios, television was invented, live video broadcast, nazi parties used it, used long and shortwave signals.

 

Term
Nazi Olympics
Definition

Period of 16 days

Helena Mayer- mixed German and Half Jew

-150 new buildings put up

-more classical and greek looking.

-swastika flags everywhere

-Leni Riefenstahl- neutral view, film maker, utilized camera in new forms. Olympia

-got rid of signs banning jews

-torch realy from athens to Germany mostly rural areas in Germany, last runner was arian.

-first radio broacast

-US. Jesse Ownes won gold medals, hitler disssed him

 

Term
Wansee conference
Definition
where final solution was implemented.
Term

Destruction of berlin

Sebald's "Firebombing of cities"

Gunter Eich- inventroy

Definition

-hamburg and dresden sparred some

-major catastrophe consisted of women, and kids

-Berlin destroyed by fires

1.Sebald- used different primary accounts, used lots of figurative language.

2.eich- inventory of zero hour, people have to start over, just a list.

 

- all airports in west

Berlin divided- FDR West and GDR East

 

Term
German Constitution
Definition
  • a complete rejection of the ideology that the German people are a master race (German: Herrenrasse) — superior to others, born to be leaders, and entitled to commit genocide, or barbaric treatment of those not belonging to it;
  • an unequivocal commitment to the inviolability and inalienability of human rights.
  • Reacton to atrocities of WWII
  • May 23, 1949
  • Protection of human dignity
  • dignity of maninvaluable
  • rights  of liberty, equality before the law, freedom of faith, of conscience, and creed
Term
Berlin Airlift (1949)
Definition

West berlin

- 2 million people w no supplies. country in rubble.

-used tempelhof airport

-brought relief supplies to Germans

-coals brought for cold

-no ground transportation

-5,000 tons of supplies everyday

-population cut in half, sewage, everything is destroyed

Supporting users have an ad free experience!