Term
| Science Definition of Soil |
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Definition
Any consolidated material that is composed of discrete solid particles with gas or liquid in the void spaces.
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Term
| Construction Definition of Soil |
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Definition
| Material that can be excavated by normal marnual or mechanical means. (i.e. shoveling, bulldozing, etc.) |
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Term
| Science Definition of Rock |
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Definition
| A naturally occuring solid material composed of one or more mineral. |
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Term
| Construction Definition of Rock |
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Definition
| A hard material that requires drilling, ripping, blasting, or other brute force mean for excavation. |
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Term
| How is soil different from normal construction materials. |
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Definition
| It is a three phase continuum |
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Term
| What is a three phase continuum? |
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Definition
| Something including solids, liquids, and gases. |
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Term
| How is Igenious Rock created? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Sediments Created? |
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Definition
| Through the weathering of rocks. |
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Term
| How are sedimentary rocks created? |
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Definition
| Through the burial and Lithification (natural compaction into rocks) of sediments |
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Term
| How are metamorphic rocks created? |
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Definition
| Heating and Pressure on Sedimentary Rocks |
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Term
| Name the Three types of Ignious Rocks |
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Definition
| Intrusive, Extrusive, and Very Fast Cooling Extrusive. |
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Term
| What is an intrusive rock? |
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Definition
An Ignious rock that forms below the ground surface. It is slow to cool which creates Large Crystals.
(Granite, Diorite, Feldspar) |
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Term
What is an Extrusive Rock?
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Definition
An Igneous rock the form above the ground surface. Fast cooling leads to small crystals.
(Basalt, Rhyolite) |
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Term
| What is a Very Fast Cooling Extrusive Rock? |
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Definition
| Rocks like glass or obisidan. Very crystalline. |
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Term
| Name the types of Sedimentary Rocks and some examples. |
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Definition
Detritus (Sand stone, Silt Stone, Clay Stone)
Precipitates (Lime Stone, Dolomite)
Organic Accumulation (Coral)
Evaportites (Halite, Gypsum) |
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Term
| Name the types of Metamorphic rocks and what their strength depends on. |
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Definition
Folitated: Strength Depends on Load Direction
Non-Foliated: Strength Depends on Faults and Joints |
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Term
What are the types of weathering?
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Definition
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Term
Give some examples of Physical Weathering
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Definition
Erosion by water ice and wind.
Unloading of Rock allowing cracks to open.
Landslides and Rockfalls.
Abrasion from downhill movement of rocks and soils.
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Term
| Give some examples of Chemical Weathering |
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Definition
Weak Natural Acids
Biologic Action
Growth of Crystals in Rock Joints |
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Term
| What is Residual Soil and how is it different from Tranported Soil? |
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Definition
| Residual Soil is derived in place of weathering rocks, while transported soil has been moved away from its point of origin. |
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Term
| Describe the residual soils of Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rocks. |
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Definition
Ingeous: Weather into erratic profile of soil
Sedimentary: Weathers back into origonal soil (i.e. sandstone becomes sand)
Metamorphic: Becomes banded and foliated soil |
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Term
| Name the types of soil transportation caused by Gravity (Colluvium) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name some examples of wind tranported soils (eolian) |
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Definition
Sand Dunes
Volcanic Ash
Loess (Wind Blown Silts) |
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Term
| What gases could be in soils that excavators need to be careful of? |
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Definition
| methane and hydrogen sulfide |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Total Volume = Vv+Vs=Va+Vw+Vs |
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Term
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Definition
| Void Ratio = Volume of Voids / Volume of Solids |
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Term
| Typical void ratio of sands |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical Void Ratio of Clays |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Porosity = Volume of Voids / Total Volume |
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Term
| Relate Porosity of Void Ratio |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Degree of Saturation = (Volume of Water / Volume of Voids) * 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| Water content = Mass of water / Mass of solids |
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Term
| What is a typical value for water content? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (Ms+Mw)/Vt <-- only if S=100% |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the values of ρw and γw in meteric and english units? |
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Definition
Density
1000 kg/m^3
1.94 slug/ft^3
Unit Weight
9810 N/m^3
62.4 lb/ft^3 |
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Term
| What engineering problem is caused when materials have low unit weights? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Specific Gravity of Solid = Unit Weight of solid/ Unit weight of water |
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Term
| What is a typical unti weight of sand? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a typical unit weight of Clay?
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Definition
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Term
| What charateristic of soil is used for classification? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Coarse Soils Created? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the range of particle size for boulders? |
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Definition
| Greater than 12 in. or 300mm |
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Term
| What is the range of particle size for Cobbles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the range of particle size for Gravels? |
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Definition
| 4.75mm (#4 sieve) to 75mm |
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Term
| What is the range of particle size for Sand? |
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Definition
| 0.075 (#40 sieve) to 75mm (#4 sieve) |
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Term
| What is the range of particle size for silts? |
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Definition
| 1μm to 0.075mm (#40 sieve) |
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Term
| Does water play a large roll in silt behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
Are all fine grained soils cohesional?
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Definition
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Term
| What is the range of particle size for clays? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the typical stack of sieve sizes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the meathods for sorting soils by grain size |
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Definition
| Sieving and Sedimentation |
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Term
| What governs the behavior of cohessionless soils? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dr = ((emax - e)/(emax - emin))*100 |
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Term
| What are some problems caused by low denisty soils? |
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Definition
Honeycombed Structures
Static Liquefaction
Dynamic Liquefaction |
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Term
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Definition
| The grain size at which only 10% is passing (D10) |
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Term
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Definition
| Coefficient of Uniformity = D60/D10 |
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Term
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Definition
Coefficient of Curvature
=
((D30)2) / (D10*D60) |
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Term
| What are the values of CC and CU for a well graded soil? |
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Definition
1 < CC < 3
CU>6 for sands (>4 for gravels)
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Term
| What does it mean if Cu=1? |
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Definition
| The soil is mostly one grain size |
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Term
What are the classifications of particle shape?
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Definition
| Rounded, Sub-Rounded, Sub-Angular, Angular |
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Term
| Why is Angularity Important? |
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Definition
| It contributes to the interlocking of individual grains which provides increased frictional resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to be molded? |
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Term
| What tool is used for sedimentation analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What law does a hydrometer use to estimate particle size? |
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Definition
Stokes Law
D=sqrt((18vn)/(Yw(Gs-GL))) |
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Term
| What factors govern the behavior of cohesive soils? |
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Definition
water content
void ratio
minerology |
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Term
| What is the Shrinkage Limit |
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Definition
| The water content at which soil no longer shrinks from drying |
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Term
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Definition
| The water content at which soil crumbles when rolled into a 3mm thread |
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Term
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Definition
| Water Content at the lower limit of viscous flow |
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Term
| What is the equation Plastic Index? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for liquid index? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three Soil Classifcation Systems |
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Definition
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Term
| At what percentage by mass does clay effect the behavior of a soil? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what percentage by mass does clay control soil behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two basical building blocks of clay? |
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Definition
Silica Tetrahedral
Alumina Octahedral |
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Term
| What is Isomorphic Substitution? |
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Definition
| When Aluminum Ions are replaced by other ions in Alumina Octahedrals. |
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Term
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Definition
1:1 clay mineral
layers held together by hydrogen bonds
large crystals |
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Term
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Definition
1:1 mineral
Hydrogen Bonds Prvented during formation
Tubular shape
increase in moisture content can cause irrversable changes |
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Term
| Montmorillonite / Smectite |
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Definition
2:1 Mineral
Two silica Sheets, One Alumina Sheet
Weak Bonds lets water in as well as exchanable cations.
Leads to Swelling |
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Term
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Definition
2:1
Potassium Replaces Aluminum and creates very strong bonds |
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Term
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Definition
2:1:1 Mineral
Made of two silica, one alumina, and either another alumina or magesium sheet.
Very succeptable to swelling if it loses third sheet.
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Term
What are the two layers of water molecules next to a clay particle called?
(Individual names and what they are called together)
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Definition
Closest: Absorbed
Next Closest: Attracted
Together: Diffuse Double Layer |
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