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Geosphere MVHS
Geosphere, Layers of the Earth, Earthquakes and Volcanoes
39
Geology
11th Grade
02/09/2012

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Cards

Term
continental drift
Definition
theory that the continents have moved over the earth's history
Term
convection currents
Definition
circular movement of fluids caused by the change in density between hot and cool fluids
Term
plate boundary
Definition
linear area where two or more tectonic plates meet; some are converging, some are diverging, and some are moving sideways across each other
Term
divergent boundary
Definition
where two plates are moving apart
Term
convergent boundary
Definition
where two plates are moving together; the most destructive of all boundaries, featuring much seismic activity and volcanoes
Term
transform fault boundary
Definition
where two plates are moving sideways across each other
Term
magma
Definition
molten rock in the earth's interior
Term
rift valley
Definition
low area where two plates are diverging
Term
mid-ocean ridge
Definition
huge undersea mountain ranges found all over the world at diverging plate boundaries on the ocean floor
Term
convergent collision boundary
Definition
where two continental plates are colliding; causes folded mountains
Term
convergent subduction boundary
Definition
where a continental plate and a oceanic plate meet, and the oceanic plate dives under the continental one; causes earthquakes and volcanoes
Term
seismic waves
Definition
waves of energy that travel through the earth; earthquake waves
Term
fault
Definition
a break in the earth's crust caused by the movement of plates
Term
focus
Definition
the spot in the earth's crust where an earthquake begins
Term
epicenter
Definition
a spot on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
Term
P-wave
Definition
the fastest-traveling type of seismic wave, caused by compression, so the first to arrive at a recording station
Term
S-wave
Definition
slower-moving seismic wave that causes shearing, or lateral waves; second to arrive at a recording station
Term
L-wave
Definition
rolling seismic waves that make it to the surface and are the last two arrive at a recording station, and the wave that causes the damage during an earthquake
Term
Richter scale
Definition
scale that is used to measure and report the amount of energy in an earthquake; scale is logarithmic, where each number indicates an increase of energy of 10X
Term
larger than 6.0 on the Richter Scale
Definition
how big an earthquake has to be to cause significant damage
Term
trianglulation
Definition
using three recording stations and their distances from the epicenter to locate the epicenter
Term
soft soil
Definition
sustains the most damage during an earthquake, along with whatever is built upon it
Term
solid soil/rock
Definition
sustains the least amount of damage during an earthquake, along with whatever is built upon it; recommended place to live in fault zones
Term
aftershock
Definition
a series of smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake
Term
soil liquefaction
Definition
when loose soil is vibrated, it can flow like a fluid, causing landslides and damage to buildings
Term
avalanche
Definition
when loose soil or snow breaks loose due to vibrations and rolls down the side of a mountain
Term
mudslide
Definition
when wet soil on a slope is vibrated and rolls down the mountain, causing destruction
Term
tsunami
Definition
an enormous, destructive wave caused by a marine earthquake
Term
composite volcano
Definition
very destructive, explosive volcano that is made of layers of different eruptions
Term
shield volcano
Definition
a low, flat volcano that erupts quietly
Term
volcano
Definition
where magma from the earth's interior blasts to the surface due to a weakness in the earth's crust; generally caused by plate boundaries or hot spots
Term
crater
Definition
part of the volcano where the main eruption occurs
Term
vent/fissure
Definition
cracks in the earth's crust away from a volcano's crater that can also emit lava flows or gases
Term
hot springs
Definition
where water comes into contact with magma or rocks heated by magma
Term
ashfall
Definition
large plume of ashes and debris from a volcano that descends on the land; can be suffocating to life and can lower the temperature
Term
pyroclastic flow
Definition
when lava and ash travels extremely fast down a mountain, destroying everything in its past; largest cause of loss of life during a volcano
Term
lahar
Definition
when a snow-covered peak erupts, melting lots of water and causing flooding and mudslides
Term
toxic gases
Definition
CO2, CO and sulfur dioxide released by volcanoes
Term
lava flows
Definition
slow movement of lava from shield volcanoes that is very destructive but not very deadly
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