Term
| Where was the DIOXIN contamination found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| from teh oil sprayed on the road to control dust, it seeped into the soils |
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Term
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Definition
| evacuated, and purchased by govt for 36$ million |
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Term
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Definition
| a colorless compound, (O,H,C,Cl), known to be extremely toxic to mammals and thought to be carcinogen in humans. Studies suggest effects on reproduction and sexual development and on the immune system. |
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Term
| bioaccumulation - (in dioxin) |
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Definition
| accumulates in fatty tissues |
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Term
| Component of agent orange i used in Vietnam to defoliate |
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Definition
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Term
| produced as by-product herbicides |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| soil's tendency to gain or lose water |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to increase or decrease in volume with water content (added water molecules to increase) |
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Term
| An expansive soil can swell up to ___ % of its original volume |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| common in cool areas with moderate to high precipitation. make about 1% of the world's ice free land surface. |
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Definition
| common in the deserts. make about 12% of the world's ice free land surface |
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Term
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Definition
| common in the higher latitudes or elevations. Make about 9% of the world's ice free land surface. |
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Term
| Soil ____ and ____ water in pore space |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| voids between soil particles |
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Term
| quantity and size of pore spaces depend |
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Definition
| upon soil's texture and structure |
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Term
| typical soil can have up to ___% pore space |
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Definition
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Term
| soil holds water in two ways: |
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Definition
1. pore spaces
2. Thin coating of soil particles |
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Term
| pore spaces/gravitational water |
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Definition
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Term
| capillary water (thin coating) |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil ______ content reflects ______ of water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| soil pores are filled with water |
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Term
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Definition
| moisture left in soil after drainage of gravitational water |
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Term
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Definition
| most plants can't extract water from small pores |
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Term
| Soils form as consequences of _________ that operate together with ________. |
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Definition
| 4 processes, 5 basic soil-forming factors |
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Term
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Definition
1. Additions
2. transformations
3. translocations
4. Losses |
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Term
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Definition
1. parent material
2. climate
3. living and dead organisms
4. time
5. landscape position |
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Term
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Definition
| include organic matter, fertilizer, pollutants, and soil material |
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Term
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Definition
| changes that take place within a soil. Microorganisms, earthworms, and chemical weathering play an important role. |
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Term
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Definition
| movements of coil components from one place to another in the soil. Water plays an important role |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when enough water is available to dissolve material, such as sodium(Na) and calcium (Ca) and remove them earl in the process of soil formation. |
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Term
| **When all soil forming factors are _______, a _______ soil is producd. if one or more of th soil-forming factors changes significantly, then a ________ sol is produced |
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Definition
| similar, similar, different |
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Term
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Definition
| layering parallel to the surface created by vertical and horizontal movements of material. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| composed mostly of organic materials including decomposed or decomposing leaves, twigs etc. The color of the horizon is often dark brown or black. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of both mineral and organic materials. Color is often light black or brown. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of dissolving, washing, or draining earth materials by percolation of groundwater or other liquids(occurs in the A horizon and moves clay and other materials such as Fe and C to the B horizon. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of light-colored materials resulting from leaching of clay, Ca, Mg, ad e, to lower horizons. |
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Term
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Definition
| together are leaching zones |
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Term
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Definition
| enriched in clay, iron oxides, silica, carbonate, or other material leached from overlying horizons. ZONE of accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of partially altered (weathered) parent material. it may be stained red with iron oxides. |
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Term
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Definition
| unweathered(unaltered) parent material |
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Term
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Definition
| soils particles often aggregate to form peds, related to its development and age, becomes more complex as the soil evolves(older) |
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Term
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Definition
| classified according to shape, shape is related to soil forming processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity of the soils to supply nutrients (N,P,K) to plants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-measured as volume, mass, or weight of soil removed from an are during a given time (kg, year, hectare)
-vary with engineering soil properties, land use, climate |
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Term
| measuring soil erosion rates |
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Definition
-data collected from slopes for many years (difficult)
-data from water reservoirs- change in water storage capacity |
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Term
| Universal soil loss equation |
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Definition
predict amount of soil removed
- A= R x K x L x S x C x P |
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Term
| In the past ___ years soil erosion and overuse due to intensive agriculture damaged about ___% of the best agricultural land in the world |
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Definition
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Term
| In the US about ___ of the topsoil (the most fertile part of the soil that supports vegetation) has been ____ to erosion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Better practice to sustain soils |
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Definition
-contour plowing
-no-till agriculture(no plowing)
-terracing slopes, retaining walls for steep slopes
-planting more than one crop, particularly in tropical areas |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals |
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Term
| some soil can capture toxins |
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Definition
| and reduce environmental pollution |
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Term
| Removing contamination can be very costly |
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Definition
-excavation
-disposal
-incineration
-bioremdiation |
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Term
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Definition
| enhanced bioremediation of soil contaminated by organic solvent. Methane, phosphorous, and oxygen are nutrients pumped intermittently into he contaminated area and released from the lower slotted pipe. The upper pipe (also slotted) sucks contaminated air from sol. The nutrients stimulate the growth of bacteria. The supply of carbon is then stopped and the carbon-hungry bacteria go after the solvents, degrading them to carbon dioxide and water as part of their life cycle. |
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Term
| Where are the mineral resources located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| useful metallic minerals that can be mined for a profit |
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Term
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Definition
| in places that have anomalously high concentrations of the mineral. |
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Term
| The concentration factor of a metal (CF) |
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Definition
| how many times the average crustal concentration has to be increased so that the metal can be mined for a profit |
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Term
| six factors that determine if a rock is an ore |
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Definition
1. grade(concentration)
2. mineralogy
3. size and depth of deposit
4. location
5. market value
6. byproducts (such as toxic waste) |
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Term
| Diamonds form in the _____ and are brought to the surface in ______ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| scattered in an igneous rock called kimberlite |
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Term
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Definition
| long, thin bodies of igneous rock |
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Term
| Pipes form ________, carrying ________ that were formed under ____ pressure at great depths. |
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Definition
| explosively, diamonds, high |
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Term
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Definition
| a potassic volcanic rock known to contain diamonds. It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa, where the discovery of a 83.5 carat diamond in 1871 spawned a diamond rush, eventually creating the Big Hole. |
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Term
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Definition
-resources that need to be carefully managed
-nonrenewable heritage of the past |
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Term
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Definition
-tend to be hidden and need to be discovered
-the easy ones to find have been found
-recycling and conservation help to extend mineral resources
-eventually supply will be exhausted |
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Term
| classification of mineral resources |
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Definition
-elements for metal production and technology
-building materials
-for chemical industry
-for agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| (> 0.1 wt% of Earth's crust: Iron, Aluminum, Chromium, Manganese, Titanium, Magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
| copper, lead, zinc, tin, gold, silver, platinum, uranium, mercury, molibdenum) |
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Term
| Building Materials (minerals) |
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Definition
needed for concrete: sand, gravel, crushed stone
needed for tiles: clay
needed for cinder block: volcanic ash |
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Term
| minerals for chemical industry |
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Definition
| production of petrachemicals like plastics |
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Term
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Definition
| sources of K and P for fertilizer, silicon(27.72 %), aluminum (8.13%), Iron (5%), Copper (.01%) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary environmental impact of mineral use, produces pollutants toxic to humans, dangerous to ecosystems and biosphere, aesthetically undesirable, degrade air, water, and soil |
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Term
| If waste and other minerals aren't recycled... |
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Definition
| they deplete nonrenewable mineral resources |
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Term
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Definition
-saves energy, money, land, raw mineral resources from more mining
-saves energy and money, no need to refine raw ore materials
-has been proven to be profitable and workable |
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Term
| Most recycled metals in the US |
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Definition
| Iron and steel, 90% by weight and 50% of total value of all recycled metals |
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Term
| ___ as much energy needed to produce steel from recycled scrap as from original ore |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ billion $$ in metals recycled in the US in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pb(84%), Al (36%), Cu(29%) |
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Term
| types of mineral exploration and testing |
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Definition
| surface mapping, geochemical, geophysical, and remote-sensing data collection, test-drilling |
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Term
| Impact of mineral exploration and testing |
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Definition
| generally minimal, more planning and care needed for sensitive areas(arid, wetlands, and permafrost areas) |
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Term
| SOme arid lands are covered by |
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Definition
| layers of pebbles that protect from erosion |
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Term
| In the marshlands and northern tundra the soil is: |
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Definition
| very sensitive to any mechanical disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| extracted from the Earth using subsurface and surface mining techniques that have a great impact on the environment |
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Term
| environmental impact (of mineral development) depends on many factors |
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Definition
-mining procedures
-local hydrologic conditions
-climate
-rock types
-size of operation
-topography |
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Term
| Development stage has an impact too-- |
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Definition
-exploration and testing - less impact
-extraction and processing- more impact |
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Term
| environmental concerns ____ down the dev. of a mine operation |
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Definition
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Term
| Mining generates large amounts of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-60% of land used to mining is used for mineral extraction
-40% used for waste disposal |
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Term
| Most of waste (in US) (40% of all waste generated in teh country) |
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Definition
| is overburden - rock removed to get to the ore |
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Term
| During the past ___ years ___ billion tons of mining waste has accumulated in US |
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Definition
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Term
| Annual production of mining waste in the US is: |
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Definition
| 1 billion to 2 billion tons |
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Term
| production of aluminum(generates mining waste) |
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Definition
1. mining bauxite ore
2. refining bauxite to alumina
3. Smelting alumina to produce aluminum |
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Term
| AIr pollution - impact on biological environment |
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Definition
-smelting has released great quantities of pollutants into the atmosphere
-dust from mineral mines may affect air quality
-mines can pollute are even after operations have stopped |
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Term
| Bio- environment DIrect Impact- |
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Definition
| death of plants, animals or people caused by the activity or contact with toxic soil or water |
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Term
| Bio- environment indirect impact |
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Definition
| changes in nutrient cycling, changes in biomass, species diversity, ecosystem stability |
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Term
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Definition
| attacks bones making them brittle. Killed many in Japan after WWII when mining operations dumped Zn, Pb, and Cd into rivers. The metals were concentrated in soils, then even more plants (rice)- biomagnification. |
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Term
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Definition
| can be injected in deep walls |
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Term
| Problems with Hazardous waste injected in deep walls |
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Definition
-can cause earthquakes
-If geology and hydrology of the site are not clearly defined leakage and contamination of groundwater is possible. |
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Term
| In the US alone ____ new chemicals are marketed every year |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ chemicals are already on the market |
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Definition
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Term
| The US generates ____ million tons of hazardous waste every year |
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Definition
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Term
| Early approach to the waste problem: |
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Definition
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Term
| 1st century of industrial revolution |
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Definition
-amount of waste limited
-sparse population
-factories mostly near rivers
-easy disposal of waste into rivers: D&D |
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Term
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Definition
-D&D inadequate
-concentration and contain- problems with leakage etc.
-dispose in landfills
-incinerate |
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Term
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Definition
-convert the waste into something useful
-however we lack the technology to recover everything
-still a lot of waste remains |
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Term
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Definition
| hundreds of millions of computers and other electronic devices |
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Term
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Definition
-has a rapid life cycle, 3-5 years
-US generates the most
-no official process for managing it
-contains small amts of toxic heavy metals: Au, Sn, Cu, Cd, Hg
-most exported to Nigeria and CHina for recycling |
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Term
| Integrated Waste Management |
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Definition
Reduce
Recycle- 1980 in US: 90% waste sent to landfills, today 65%
Reuse |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily an urban problem, much toxic and infectious wastes disposed of in large urban landfills |
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Term
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Definition
| by far the most abundant solid waste |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Methods of solid waste disposal |
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Definition
-on-site disposal
-composting
-incineration
-open dumps
-sanitary landfills |
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Term
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Definition
reduction of combustible waste in inert residue by high temp (900-1000C)
-with 50% reduction of waste converted to ash and noncombustible materials |
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Term
| Advantage of Incineration |
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Definition
| significant reduction of waste, saving landfill space and generating electrical power |
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Term
| Disadvantages of incineration |
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Definition
| not a clean process, produces toxic ashes- disposed in landfills, emission of N and sulfur oxides- acid rain, emission of CO and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg), trapping pollutants possible but expensive, need govt subsidies |
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Term
Invest 8 billion $ in incinerators:
Invest 8 Billion $ in recycling: |
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Definition
- treat 25% of solid waste in US
-treat 75% of solid waste of the US |
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