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| Study of the architecture and processes responsible for the deformation of Earth's crust |
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| ALL CHANGES in size, shape, orientation, or position of a rock mass. Mostly occurs along plate margins. |
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| Force, that which puts stationary objects into motion, applied to given area. CONCENTRATION OF FORCE. |
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| Stress applied unequally in different directions |
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| Stress associated with PLATE COLLISION that shorten and thicken Earth' crust by folding, flowing and faulting. |
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| Stress that tends to elongate or pull apart a rock |
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| Stress that causes displacement along fault zones. Produces a motion similar to slippage that occurs between individual playing cards when the top of the stack is moved relative to the bottom. Top moves while bottom is fixed. |
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| Manifestation of stress that causes a PERMANENT deformation (change) in rock body |
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| the rock returns to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed |
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| Once the elastic limit (strength) of a rock is surpassed, it fails - either by flow (ductile deformation) or fracture (brittle deformation) |
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| Temperature, confining pressure, rock type, and time |
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Definition
| 4 Factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform |
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| Brittle failure/brittle deformation |
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| Tendency of rocks near the surface to fracture (break) once their strength is exceed because of low confining pressures and temperatures. |
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| Deformation that occurs at depth where temperatures and confining pressures are high. Produce change in sizer and shape of an object. NO FRACTURE. |
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| Sites where bedrock is exposed at the surface. |
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| Compass direction of the line produced from intersection of inclined rock layer with horizontal plane. Expressed as an angle. |
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| The ANGLE of inclination of the surface of a rock or fault measured from a horizontal plane. It is both the angle and DIRECTION toward which the rock is inclined. Perpendicular to the strike. |
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| Bending of a series of flat-lying rock layers into wavelike undulations. Occurs during crustal deformation/mountain building. Most result from compressional stresses which shorten and thicken the crust |
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| Line drawn at points of max curvature at each layer. |
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| an imaginary surface that divides a fold symmetrically |
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| When hinge/axis is inclined at an angle (not horizontal). |
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| (shaped like a sink) – downfolds or troughs of rock layers. Symmetrical, asymmetrical, recumbent (an overturned fold), or plunging |
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| (shaped like an “A”) – upfolded or arched rock layers. Symmetrical, asymmetrical, recumbent (an overturned fold), or plunging |
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| large, step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata |
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Upwarped displacement of rocks
Circular or slightly elongated structure
Oldest rocks in center, younger rocks on the flanks |
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Circular or slightly elongated structure
Downwarped displacement of rocks
Youngest rocks are found near the center, oldest rocks on the flanks |
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| Prominent angular ridge due to erosion outcropping the section. |
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| Fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place |
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| The rock along faults that break as opposing crustal block move past each other resulting a coherent clayish material. |
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| Highly polished and straited or grooved rock surfaces due to crustal blocks sliding past one another. Provide evidence of most RECENT DISPLACEMENT along the fault |
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| Faults that have movement parallel to the dip (incline) of the fault surface. |
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| Long, low cliffs produced by vertical displacement of slip-dip faults |
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| The rock surface above the fault. The part where miner hung their lanterns on rocks inside tunnels. |
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| The rock surface below the fault. The part miners would walk during excavation. |
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| Hanging wall block moves DOWN relative to the footwall block. Accommodate lengthening of crust. |
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| Larger scale normal faults that extend for 10km or so and trace the boundary of mountain fronts. Ex: Sierra Nevada of CA |
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| Reverse (dips > 45 degrees) and thrust faults (dips < 45 degrees) |
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| Dip-slip fault where hanging wall block moves UP relative to the footwall block. |
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| Dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault. Can be classified as right-lateral or left-lateral. |
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| Large strike-slip faults (horizontal displacement parallel to strike line). Many cut the oceanic lithosphere and link spreading oceanic ridges. Ex: San Andrea's fault |
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| Faults that have a combination of strike-slip and dip-slip movements. |
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| Fractures with no appreciable displacement. Usually associated with chemical weathering and occur in parallel groups. |
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