The process of depositing and burying rock fragments

lithification

Sedimentary rocks are weathered into fragments, then turned to stone

clastic

4 ways that sedimentary rocks can be formed chemically

dissolution, precipitation,

chemical reaction, decay (no oxygen)

What is the least common type of rocks?

Metamorphic

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

re-crystallized by heat, pressure, and stress

How are regional metamorphic rocks formed?

-tectonic activity

-heat, pressure and stress

How are contact metamorphic 

rocks formed?

-country rock is baked by a magma body

-HEAT

How are dynamic metamorphic 

rocks formed?

-rocks caught in fault zones

- pressure and stress

How are igneous rocks formed?

when magma cools and crystallizes

Extrusive rocks are _______ the 

surface and cool _______

above

rapidly

below

slowly

Rapid cooling of igneous rocks produces .....

small, fine grained crystals

Slow cooling of igneous rocks (magma)

produces....

Fewer, coarse, large grained crystals

All igneous rocks are made of....

silicate

The early earth was made up

of what type of rock?

Igneous

What type of volcanoes are the

largest type?

Shield Volcanoes

What is used to classify

igneous rock?

Texture and Mineral

A mushroom shaped intrusive

is called a....

laccolith

What type of volcanoes alternate between violent and quiet eruptions?

Composite volcanoes

Mineral

What is the color of the powder of a mineral called?

The streak

The measure of the heat and pressure at which a metamorphic 

rock forms

metamorphic grade

What type of volcano has

alternating layers of ash and lava?

Composite

Which property is the most important 

in identifying minerals?

Hardness

Coal is what kind of sedimentary rock?

Chemical (decomposition)

A granite becomes a schist through...

heat and pressure

The idea that most sediment was laid down horizontally when formed

is called....

original horizontality 

What is uniformitarianism? 

What is cross cutting?

Anything that cuts through a rock is younger than the actual rock

What is superposition?

The layer on top is the youngest

What is cleavage?

The way a mineral breaks into planes

What kind of rock makes up

the continental crust?

All three types of rock

If the continental crust was melted,

what would it resemble?

Granite

What is regolith?

Rock fragments

What does the lithosphere contain?

Rocks!!

What is the mantle?

The gases trapped in upper part of the earth

What is the largest sphere?

Hydrosphere

When enough molecules form and bond together to create a 3-D structure,

it is called a ....

Crystal Lattice

Crystal lattices join together to form...

minerals

Metallic bonding occurs between ...

Atoms of the same element

Molecules are formed from atoms by a process called...

Chemical bonding

What is the principle of inclusions?

rock materials included in other rocks or sediments are older than the rocks that surround it

Absolute time dating is found by...

Phaneritic means....

Slow cooling

Aphanitic means...

Quickly cooling

Felsic magma is made up of

______ colored minerals

light

Intermediate magma is made up of

_______ colored minerals

light and dark

Mafic magmas are made up of

_________ colored minerals

dark

What is a fumarole

A steam vent from which a small amount of water is boiled away

What kind of rocks are known as

secondary rocks?

Metamorphic

What is a concordant igneous rock?

An intrusion that is parallel to the 

bedding of rocks

What is a discordant igneous rock?

An intrusion that cuts across bedding

or foliation