Term
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Definition
| organic, marine or lake deposits, build up of carbon, abundance of iron NO OXYGEN |
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Term
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Definition
| prescence of oxygen, flood plain deposits, subaerial exposure, red clay |
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Term
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Definition
| Reducing potassium, transitional shelf, fish fecies |
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Term
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Definition
| holds grains together, calcite, clay, hallite, oxides, silica, crystallizes in pore spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution of grain size |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| larger and smaller grains, not all similar |
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Term
| as energy ____ the ____ the sediments |
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Definition
decreases, finer
increases, larger |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded because of water, forms conglomerate |
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Term
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Definition
| breccia-not enough force to make smooth |
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Term
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Definition
| dried out mud- top layer fills it in |
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Term
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Definition
cross stratification-
the top has bigger rocks, and the bottom has smaller rocks...the energy increases |
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Term
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Definition
| top has smaller rocks and the bottom has bigger rocks- energy decreases |
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Term
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Definition
symetric- water moving back and forth, like in a lake or ocean-stagnant water
asymetric-water moving in a certain direction - rivers
--upstream the ripples are to the right
--downstream the ripples are to the left |
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Term
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Definition
ripple marks, crossbedding, mudcracks, tracks, fossils, sole marks
--tells where beds are supposed to be |
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Term
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Definition
| negative impression of ripple marks |
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Term
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Definition
havent become full minerals-lots of fragments-
--fine-grained mud < 15%
--quarts is more rounded
formed on deltanic plain |
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Term
| feldspar(sandstone and sand) |
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Definition
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Term
| quartz(sandstone and sand) |
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Definition
on beach and continental shelf
-well sorted
-well rounded
ripple marks
shallow environment
crossbedding |
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Term
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Definition
25% or more feldspar
quartz-angular to subangular
bottom of mountain
breccia
moderatly well sorted |
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Term
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Definition
grey, fine-grained mud
poorly sorted
some angular, some rounded
deep marine fossils
matrix constitues 30%
calcite |
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Term
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Definition
| graded bedding (particles are big on bottom and small on top) |
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Term
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Definition
fossiliferious limestone
crystalline limestone-micrite
oolitic limestone-shallow marine areas only on shelf like platforms |
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Term
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Definition
shallow;clear water tropical marine
phytoplankton-single cell organisms in top
zooplankton-little shells known as tests-sink to bottom and use calcite |
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Term
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Definition
fissile-breaks along plane
--represent different deposit periods
forms in water
quartz -shallow seas
micateous shale-no extensive weathering
---comes from deltas
chlorite-bright green-deposits of turbitity |
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Term
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Definition
mapable rock unit
-represeents time deposition |
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Term
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Definition
| represents an aspect of a specific environment |
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Term
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Definition
#1-avid and windblown
#2-wetter
portions of the unit |
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Term
| sea level changes-global sea level |
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Definition
eustatic-always changing
-->polar ice caps
-midocean ridges
-midocean basalt
(check out page 88) |
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Term
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Definition
| sea level rises/sea level lowers |
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Term
| transgression can be seen by |
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Definition
limestone on top
shale
sand |
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Term
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Definition
sand on top
shale
limestone |
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Term
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Definition
| the layers were all deposited horisontally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
abundance and size
biological destruction
mechanical destruction
chemical destruction
post mortem transport
high percentage of mineral matter
favorable environments
survival of sediments |
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Term
| abundance and size(fossil biases) |
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Definition
-the more abundant the easier to find
-the bigger the item, the easier to find |
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Term
| biological destruction(fossil biases) |
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Definition
-taphonomy
-scavenging animals eat fossils
-rotting maggots and flies eat
-decomposition by bacteria
-anoxic environment stops rotting
-boring-drill into shells |
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Term
| mechanical destruction(fossil biases) |
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Definition
non-living destruction
(fire, volcano, water, surf, cars)
wind blows away leaves, pollin
surf beats away and shatters fossils
fluvial process-running water ruins it
trampling-walking on top of rocks, driving on top of it |
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Term
| chemical destruction(fossil biases) |
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Definition
-ground water dissolves it
-acid rain-fizzes and dissolves w/ HCL |
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Term
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Definition
where fossils go after death
-if its not buried, then it cant fossilize |
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Term
| high percentage of mineral matter |
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Definition
-hard parts
-must have bones, enamel (in teeth) pollin
-something has to be there to fossilize |
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Term
| favorable environments for burial |
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Definition
marine!!! is the best
epifaunal-live above the bottom
infaunal-live below the bottom
benthic-at the bottom of the ocean
Terrestrial environments--
-fluvial-running water
(pond lakes, swamp, sinkhole, cave, tarpits) |
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Term
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Definition
perfect preservation
-soft parts are also preserved |
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Term
| unaltered preservation locations |
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Definition
| frozen, trapped in amber, encased in tar, desiccation(dried out) |
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Term
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Definition
| premineralization, replacement, mold, recrystallization, carbonization |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces filled up with sillica, iron oxide and calcite(marine) |
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Term
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Definition
molecules are all replaced by other molecules
-mostly happens to wood |
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Term
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Definition
evidence the creature was there
ichnology |
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Term
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Definition
| borings, tracks, gastroliths |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
less than 100000 years old for carbon 14
-relative techniques
-big ranges |
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Term
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Definition
| which fossils led to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| infant compared to other infants |
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Term
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Definition
| structure similar because of ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is structured similar-only a tiny amount of DNA can be out of fossils |
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Term
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Definition
genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
-divides up different organisms |
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Term
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Definition
biological species concept-look alike
morphology concept-interbreeding |
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Term
| evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
cladistic analysis
-derived characteristics
--cladiogram
--relationship b/w organisms |
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Term
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Definition
all species have two names
genetic and species |
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Term
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Definition
-plants
-animals
-bacteria
-fungi
-protists |
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Term
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Definition
Eubacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia |
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Term
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Definition
variation exists among individuals in a population
-some traits are more beneficial than others |
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Term
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Definition
P-waves=primary-fastest-liquids and solids
S-waves=secondary-only solids |
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Term
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Definition
lower
upper
-astehnospere(weak)
-solid but almost hot enough to be melting
-lithosphere
mohoroylete |
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Term
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Definition
continetal crust-out of granite
oceanic crust-out of basalt
craton-shields, platfroms, orogenic belts |
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Term
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Definition
deformation-
-brittle -rocks break
--low temp, high pressure
-plastic-rocks bend
--high temp, high pressure |
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Term
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Definition
shear plane
-foot wall
-hanging wall |
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Term
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Definition
| foot wall is above hanging wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| foot wall is below hanging wall |
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Term
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Definition
anticline-dome-like a top hat /\
syncline-basin-like a bucket \/ |
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Term
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Definition
asthenosphere-weak
lithosphere- |
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Term
| evidence for contiental drift |
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Definition
geologic fit
sedimentological data
fossil trees
paleoclimate indicature
similar fossil plan asslemblages
similar fossil animal asslembages
folds and faults
polar wandering |
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Term
|
Definition
some type of isolation(physical/reproductive)
chiuahua and mastif |
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Term
gradual evolution
punctuated equilibrium |
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Definition
time of year that breeding occurs
room for both in fossil records |
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