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Definition
| A naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystal-line structure. |
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| Kinds of crystals they form; crystal classes inside |
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| Silicate/ Nonsilicate Minerals |
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Definition
Silicate- a mineral that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals.
Nonsilicate- a mineral that does NOT contain a combination of silicon and oxygen. |
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| The way in which a mineral reflects light |
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| The color of the powder of a mineral |
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Cleavage- The splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces.
Fracture- The manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irreagular surfaces. |
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| A measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching |
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| The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance |
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| A naturally occuring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter. |
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| The series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes |
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| The process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break down rock. |
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| The process by which sediment is removed from its source. |
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| The process in which material is laid down or when the sediment moved by erosion is dropped. |
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| The size, shape, and positions of the grains that make up a rock determines this. |
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| The minerals a rock containes (chemical make up of the rock) |
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| The word comes from the Latin word that means fire. This type of rock forms when hot, liquid rock, or magma cools and solidfies. The type that forms depends on the composition of the magma and the amount of time it takes to cool. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of rock forms near the Earth's surface and forms without the heat and pressure that are involved in the making of igneous and metamorphic rocks. This rock is created by sediment fragments form into layers a form of natural cement the rock and sedimentary fragments together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks in which the structure, texture, or compositon of the rock have changed. It can be changed by heat, pressure, or a combination of the both. This rock changes when the surroundings change for example if the temperature or the pressure was to change. |
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Term
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Definition
Intrusive- When magma intrudes, or pushes, into the surrounding rock that forms. (rock formed from the cooling and solidfication of magma beneath the Earth's surface.
Extrusive- Rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth's surface. |
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Definition
Mafic- The dark colored rocks
Felsic- The light colored rocks |
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Definition
| The process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers. |
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Definition
| When the grains of sediment eventually are compacted and cemented together. (forms Sedimentary rock) |
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Definition
Foliated- The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands
Non-foliated- The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands |
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Definition
| The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth which is located above the mantle. The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth and is split up between continental (land) and oceanic (ocean) crust. |
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Definition
| The layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core The mantle is much thicker than the crust and contains most of the Earth's mass. |
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Definition
The core is the center of the Earth and the hottest part of the planet which is split into the inner and outer cores.
Inner- Solid, dense center of our planet that stretches from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth.
Outer- Liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core. |
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Definition
| The outermost, rigid layer of the Earth and is made of two parts. These two parts are the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is divided into pieces called tectonic plates. |
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Definition
| The plastic layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move. The asthenosphere is made of solid rock that flows very slowly. |
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Definition
| Beneath the asthenosphere is the strong, lower part of the mantle. The mesosphere extends from the bottom of the asthenosphere to the Earth's core. |
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Definition
| Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere. |
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| The hypothesis that states the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations. |
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| The process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidfies. |
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| Places where sea-floor spreading takes place. |
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| When the Earth's magnetic poles change places. |
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| When a denser plate sinks under the other plate. |
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| The deepest part of the subduction zone. |
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| When two tectonic plates collide, the boundary between them is a convergent boundary. |
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| When two tectonic plates seperate, the boundary between them is called a divergent boundary. |
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Definition
| When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, the boundary between them is called a transform boundary. |
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Definition
| This type of fault forms when opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally. |
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Definition
| An instument located at or near the surface of the Earth that record seismic waves. |
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Definition
| Waves that travel through solids, liquids, and gasses. They are the fastest seismic waves. |
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Definition
| Also known as shear waves and secondary waves, are the second-fastest seismic waves. |
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Definition
| The point on the Earth's surface directly above an earthquakes's starting point. |
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Definition
| The point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins. |
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Definition
| The strength of an earthquake |
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Definition
Richter Scale- measures the strength of an earthquake by measuring the ground motion recorded by seismograms and seismographs.
Mercalli Scale- measures the degree to which people feel the earthquake and the amount of damage it leaves. (intensity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Magma rises through the magma chamber through cracks in the Earth's crust to openings where volcanic materials pass. |
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Definition
| Forms when magma explodes from a volcano and solidifies in the air. |
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Definition
| These volcanoes are made up of pyroclastic material usually produced from moderately explosive eruptions. They are small, have steep slopes, and erupt for only a short time. |
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Term
| Composite (Strato) Volcanoes |
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Definition
| These volcanoes are one of the most common volcanoes and they form from explosive eruptions of pyroclastic material followed by quieter flows of lava. This type of volcanoes have broad bases and sides that get steeper toward the top. |
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Definition
| These volcanoes are built of layers of lava released from repeated nonexplosive eruptions because the lava is very runny, it spreads out over a wide area. |
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Definition
| A funnel-shaped pit near the top of the central vent of a volcano |
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Definition
| A large, semicircular depression that forms when the magma chamber below a volcano partially empties and causes the ground above to sink |
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Definition
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Term
| Explosive/ Non-explosive Eruptions |
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Definition
Explosive- Much rarer than nonexplosive eruptions but the effects of this eruption can be incredibly destructive. During an explossive eruption, clouds of hot debris, ash, and gas rapidly shoot from a volcano.
Nonexplosive- Much more common than explosive eruptions that produce relatively calm flows of lava and can release a huge amount of lava. |
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Term
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Definition
| A volcanically active area of the Earth's surface far from the tectonic plate boundary. |
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