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Geology Unit Test Vocabulary
Preparing for district assessment
57
Geology
9th Grade
01/03/2011

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Term
Mineral
Definition
A naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystal-line structure.
Term
Crystal-line Structure
Definition
Kinds of crystals they form; crystal classes inside
Term
Silicate/ Nonsilicate Minerals
Definition

Silicate- a mineral that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals.

Nonsilicate- a mineral that does NOT contain a combination of silicon and oxygen.

Term
Luster
Definition
The way in which a mineral reflects light
Term
Streak
Definition
The color of the powder of a mineral
Term
Cleavage/ Fracture
Definition

Cleavage- The splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces.

Fracture- The manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irreagular surfaces.

Term
Hardness
Definition
A measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching
Term
Density
Definition
The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance
Term
Rock
Definition
A naturally occuring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter.
Term
Rock Cycle
Definition
The series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes
Term
Weathering
Definition
The process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break down rock.
Term
Erosion
Definition
The process by which sediment is removed from its source.
Term
Deposition
Definition
The process in which material is laid down or when the sediment moved by erosion is dropped.
Term
Texture
Definition
The size, shape, and positions of the grains that make up a rock determines this.
Term
Composition
Definition
The minerals a rock containes (chemical make up of the rock)
Term
Igneous
Definition
The word comes from the Latin word that means fire. This type of rock forms when hot, liquid rock, or magma cools and solidfies. The type that forms depends on the composition of the magma and the amount of time it takes to cool.
Term
Sedimentary
Definition
This type of rock forms near the Earth's surface and forms without the heat and pressure that are involved in the making of igneous and metamorphic rocks. This rock is created by sediment fragments form into layers a form of natural cement the rock and sedimentary fragments together.
Term
Metamorphic
Definition
Rocks in which the structure, texture, or compositon of the rock have changed. It can be changed by heat, pressure, or a combination of the both. This rock changes when the surroundings change for example if the temperature or the pressure was to change.
Term
Intrusive/ Extrusive
Definition

Intrusive- When magma intrudes, or pushes, into the surrounding rock that forms. (rock formed from the cooling and solidfication of magma beneath the Earth's surface.

Extrusive- Rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth's surface.

Term
Mafic/ Felsic
Definition

Mafic- The dark colored rocks

Felsic- The light colored rocks

Term
Stratification
Definition
The process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers.
Term
Cementation
Definition
When the grains of sediment eventually are compacted and cemented together. (forms Sedimentary rock)
Term
Foliated/ Non-foliated
Definition

Foliated- The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands

Non-foliated- The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands

Term
Crust
Definition
The thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth which is located above the mantle. The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth  and is split up between continental (land) and oceanic (ocean) crust.
Term
Mantle
Definition
The layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core The mantle is much thicker than the crust and contains most of the Earth's mass.
Term
Inner/ Outer Core
Definition

The core is the center of the Earth and the hottest part of the planet which is split into the inner and outer cores.

Inner- Solid, dense center of our planet that stretches from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth.

Outer- Liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core.

Term
Lithosphere
Definition
The outermost, rigid layer of the Earth and is made of two parts. These two parts are the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is divided into pieces called tectonic plates.
Term
Asthenosphere
Definition
The plastic layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move. The asthenosphere is made of solid rock that flows very slowly.
Term
Mesosphere
Definition
Beneath the asthenosphere is the strong, lower part of the mantle. The mesosphere extends from the bottom of the asthenosphere to the Earth's core.
Term
Tectonic Plates
Definition
Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere.
Term
Continental Drift
Definition
The hypothesis that states the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations.
Term
Seafloor Spreading
Definition
The process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidfies.
Term
Mid-ocean Ridge
Definition
Places where sea-floor spreading takes place.
Term
Magnetic Reversal
Definition
When the Earth's magnetic poles change places.
Term
Subduction
Definition
When a denser plate sinks under the other plate.
Term
Trench
Definition
The deepest part of the subduction zone.
Term
Convergent Boundary
Definition
When two tectonic plates collide, the boundary between them is a convergent boundary.
Term
Divergent Boundary
Definition
When two tectonic plates seperate, the boundary between them is called a divergent boundary.
Term
Transform Boundary
Definition
When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, the boundary between them is called a transform boundary.
Term
Strike-slip Fault
Definition
This type of fault forms when opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally.
Term
Seismograph
Definition
An instument located at or near the surface of the Earth that record seismic waves.
Term
P Waves
Definition
Waves that travel through solids, liquids, and gasses. They are the fastest seismic waves.
Term
S Waves
Definition
Also known as shear waves and secondary waves, are the second-fastest seismic waves.
Term
Epicenter
Definition
The point on the Earth's surface directly above an earthquakes's starting point.
Term
Focus
Definition
The point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins.
Term
Magnitude
Definition
The strength of an earthquake
Term
Richter/ Mercalli Scale
Definition

Richter Scale- measures the strength of an earthquake by measuring the ground motion recorded by seismograms and seismographs.

Mercalli Scale- measures the degree to which people feel the earthquake and the amount of damage it leaves. (intensity)

Term
Vent
Definition
Magma rises through the magma chamber through cracks in the Earth's crust to openings where volcanic materials pass.
Term
Pyroclastic Debris
Definition
Forms when magma explodes from a volcano and solidifies in the air.
Term
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Definition
These volcanoes are made up of pyroclastic material usually produced from moderately explosive eruptions. They are small, have steep slopes, and erupt for only a short time.
Term
Composite (Strato) Volcanoes
Definition
These volcanoes are one of the most common volcanoes and they form from explosive eruptions of pyroclastic material followed by quieter flows of lava. This type of volcanoes have broad bases and sides that get steeper toward the top.
Term
Shield Volcanoes
Definition
These volcanoes are built of layers of lava released from repeated nonexplosive eruptions because the lava is very runny, it spreads out over a wide area.
Term
Crater
Definition
A funnel-shaped pit near the top of the central vent of a volcano
Term
Caldera
Definition
A large, semicircular depression that forms when the magma chamber below a volcano partially empties and causes the ground above to sink
Term
Viscosity
Definition
How the lava flows
Term
Explosive/ Non-explosive Eruptions
Definition

Explosive- Much rarer than nonexplosive eruptions but the effects of this eruption can be incredibly destructive. During an explossive eruption, clouds of hot debris, ash, and gas rapidly shoot from a volcano.

Nonexplosive- Much more common than explosive eruptions that produce relatively calm flows of lava and can release a huge amount of lava.

Term
Hot Spot Volcano
Definition
A volcanically active area of the Earth's surface far from the tectonic plate boundary.
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