Shared Flashcard Set

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Geology Test
Chapt. 3, 8, 9, 10
42
Environmental Studies
9th Grade
03/13/2013

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Cards

Term
Which seismic waves compress and expand rocks in the direction the waves travel?
Definition
P Waves
Term
What kind of plate boundary occurs where two plates grind past each other without destroying or producing lithosphere?
Definition
transform fault boundary
Term
Why do earthquakes often cause damaging fires?
Definition
Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines
Term
Tensional stresses commonly cause which of the following?
Definition
Normal Faults
Term
What volcanic feature is illustrated at A in Figure 10-2?
Definition
Continental Volcanic Arc
Term
What type of plate boundary resulted in the volcanic activity illustrated in figure 10-2?
Definition
oceanic-continental convergent boundary
Term
A fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is a ______.
Definition
a normal fault
Term
What type of volcano is built almost entirely from ejected lava fragments?
Definition
cinder cone
Term
The particles produced in volcanic eruptions are called __________.
Definition
pyroclatic material
Term
What feature is labeled A in figure 10-17?
Definition
pipe
Term
What type of volcano is illustrated in Figure 10-17?
Definition
composite cone
Term
A tectonic plate consists of ________.
Definition
the crust and uppermost mantle
Term
Which of the following can be produced at an ocean-continental convergent boundary?
Definition
continental volcanic arc
Term
Earthquakes are usually associated with _____.
Definition
faults
Term
What is the most abundant gas associated with volcanic activity?
Definition
water vapor
Term
An earthquake's epicenter is _________.
Definition
the place on the surface directly above the focus
Term
The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the _________.
Definition
measurement of the amplitude of the largest seismic wave
Term
Which of the following factors helps determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or relatively quiet?
Definition
composition of the magma, temperature of the magma, and amount of dissolved gases in the magma
Term
The broad, slightly dome-shaped volcanoes of Hawaii are _________.
Definition
shield volcanoes
Term
Faults in which movement is mainly horizontal and parallel to the trend of the fault surface are called _________.
Definition
strike-slip faults
Term
In Figure 3-1, what process or processes would be occurring in the part of the rock cycle labeled E?
Definition
compaction and cementation
Term
In Figure 3-1, what type of rock should occur in the part of the cycle labeled B?
Definition
igneous
Term
According to the theory of plate tectonics, __________.
Definition
the lithosphere is divided into plates
Term
The Hawaiian Islands were formed when the Pacific Plate moved over _________.
Definition
a hot spot
Term
A tsunami can occur when there is vertical movement at a fault under __________.
Definition
the ocean floor
Term
Overall, which seismic waves are the most destructive?
Definition
surface waves
Term
What forms when one oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate?
Definition
a subduction zone
Term
When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source, which is called ______.
Definition
focus
Term
The supercontinent in the continental drift hypothesis was called _________.
Definition
Pangaea
Term
Through which Earth layer are S waves NOT transmitted?
Definition
outer core
Term
One kind of evidence that supports Wegener's hypothesis is that _________.
Definition
fossils of the same organism have been found on different continents
Term
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of rock?
Definition
magma
Term
The Himalayas in South Asia are an example of what type of plate boundary?
Definition
convergent continental-continental boundary
Term
Where is the energy source that drives the processes that form igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Definition
earth's interior
Term
Most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in a belt known as the _________.
Definition
Ring of Fire
Term
What is the name of the major strike-slip fault in California?
Definition
San Andreas Fault
Term
According to Figure 8-1, when will the first P wave be received, if an earthquake epicenter is approximately 1800 kilometers from the seismic station?
Definition
3.5 minutes after the earthquake
Term
According to Figure 8-1, what is the distance between the seismic station and an earthquake epicenter, if the first S wave arrives 4.0 minutes after the first P wave?
Definition
2500 kilometers
Term
What are the primary factors that determine whether a volcano erupts explosively or relatively quietly?
Definition
composition of the magma, temperature of the magma, and amount of dissolved gases in the magma
Term
Describe how an igneous rock becomes a sedimentary rock.
Definition
Igneous rock is weathered and eroded by natural processes. The eroded/weathered particles are deposited and start the process of compaction and cementation over time.
Term
List three lines of evidence that supported the hypothesis for continental drift.
Definition
1. continental drift - coastlines of opposite continents seem to match
2. matching fossils - fossils of similar species are found on opposite continents
3. rock types - similar mountain ranges, rivers, etc are found on opposite continents
Term
Compare and contrast the movements and forces on a normal fault and a reverse fault
Definition
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