Term
| Metamorphic rock forms from pre-existing rock when heat and pressure cause solid-state transformations (no melting occurs). |
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Definition
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Term
| The deeper a rock is below the Earth's surface ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| During metamorphism, no new chemical compounds are added to the parent rock except for water |
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Definition
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Term
| The “normal” or average geothermal gradient is _______________: |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ forces the constituents of a rock to become parallel to one another. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ metamorphism occurs adjacent to a pluton when a body of magma intrudes a relatively cool country rock. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two most common non-foliated metamorphic rocks are ________ and marble. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ forms when a limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a fine-grained metamorphic rock, without foliation, whose parent rock was basalt. |
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Definition
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Term
| Different minerals can form from the same elements at different temperatures and pressures |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the two types of metamorphism typically produce no foliation: |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the lowest-grade rock in progressive metamorphism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Schist forms at higher temperatures and pressure than slate. |
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Definition
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Term
| A migmatite is a mixed ________ rock. |
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Definition
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Term
| The geothermal gradient above areas of rising magma is ___________________? |
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Definition
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Term
| High pressure – low temperature conditions occur around which of the following features |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are important economic resources for lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, tin, and mercury. |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative time refers to the time sequence in which events take place rather than the number of years involved. |
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Definition
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Term
| The statement “the present is the key to the past” is best described as the principle of |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle of superposition states that within a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the layers get younger going from bottom to top. |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Which rock unit is the youngest? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
On the diagram below, which layer is the oldest? |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) ________ is an erosional surface that represents a gap in the geologic record. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following unconformities involves intrusive igneous rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a(n) ________ the erosional contact represents missing rock strata and separates sedimentary beds that are parallel. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ is based upon the observation that fossil species succeed one another through layers in a predictable order. |
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Definition
| principle of faunal succession |
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Term
| A(n) ________ fossil is a fossil from a very short-lived, geographically widespread species that existed during a specific interval of geologic time. |
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Definition
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Term
| The division on the geologic time scale are based on |
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Definition
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Term
| The proportional amount of atoms that decay with time ________ by the high pressures and temperature of Earth's interior. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ of a radioactive material is the time it takes for a given amount of radioactive isotope to be reduced by half. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate of decay of a large amount of radioactive isotope is constant regardless of temperature and pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| All isotopes are radioactive. |
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Definition
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Term
| A radiometric date of an igneous rock indicates when the rock _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The driving force behind all mass wasting is ________________? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following factors are how geologists, engineers, and others classifying mass wasting? |
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Definition
| rate of movement, type of material, type of movement |
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Term
| When soil is saturated with water it becomes heavier and less viscous and more likely to flow downslope. |
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Definition
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Term
| In ________, soil in which fine grains predominate moves downslope as a viscous fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) apron of fallen rock fragments called ________ is generally found at the base of a slope affected by rockfall. |
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Definition
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Term
| If movement becomes very rapid, a rockslide may break up and become ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Assuming that all other conditions are identical, a slope that is ________ is more stable. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) ________ is the rapid sliding of a mass of bedrock along an inclined surface of weakness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Debris in a translation slide moves parallel to the slope of a hill. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the slowest type of mass wasting |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the fastest type of mass wasting: |
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Definition
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Term
| A mixture of debris and water moving down a channel is called a _________________? |
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Definition
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Term
| Water is critical in mass wasting because it adds weight to the slope and increases the pore pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following factors is not an important influence on mass wasting: |
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Definition
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Term
| Discharge is best defined as ______________ |
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Definition
| the amount of water flowing in stream |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a control on the velocity of a stream? |
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Definition
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Term
| Streams erode rock and sediment by ________. |
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Definition
abrasion
solution
hydraulic action |
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Term
| Movement of sand and gravel by rolling, sliding, or dragging in a streambed is called ________ load. |
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Definition
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Term
| Suspended load is composed of gravel-sized sediment. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ refers to sand grain movement in a series of short leaps or bounces off the bottom. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ load is sediment light enough to remain lifted indefinitely above the bottom by water turbulence. |
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Definition
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Term
| A river's velocity is faster ________. |
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Definition
| along the outside of a meander loop near the cut bank |
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Term
| Point bars are sandbars deposited in the middle of river channels. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are low ridges of flood-deposited sediment that form on both sides of a stream channel and thin away from the channel. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) ________ is the body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river when the river's velocity decreases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rivers may develop pronounced sinuous (wiggly) curves called a ________ pattern. |
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Definition
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Term
| A cutoff meander may become a crescent-shaped ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of deepening of a valley by erosion of a streambed is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Erosion occurs on the outside of a stream meander because _______________. |
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Definition
| the velocity is higher there |
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Term
| A cone of sediment deposited by stream action at the base of a steep mountain is called a _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The limit to downcutting of a stream is called the ________ level. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Original rock before metamorphisim |
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Term
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Definition
| force applied to an object |
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Term
| Growth of minerals during metamorphism is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1.4mm per one million years |
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Term
| Differential Stress are when forces _____ |
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Definition
| are not the same in all directions |
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Term
| Differential Stress produces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parallel alignment of minerals |
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Term
| What are the two types of metamorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Contact Metamorphism? |
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Definition
| Metamorphism by the heating of rock near an igneous intrusion |
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Term
| Contact Metamorphism has what kind of stress and foliation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of Contact Metamorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contact Metamorphism has what kind of temp and pressure conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| caused by increased temperature and pressure by the regional burial of rocks |
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Term
| Whats the area for Regional Metamorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Regional Metamorphism have foliation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the temperature of Regional Metamorphism? |
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Definition
| pressure conditions depend on geothermal gradient |
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Term
| Why is the earth cool at subduction zones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways to determine time? |
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Definition
| Relative Age and Numerical Age |
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Term
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Definition
-age of rock or event relative to some other rock or event
-know just to order of events |
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Term
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Definition
| age of rock or event given units of time (days, years, etc |
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Term
| What are the 3 principles of relative age? |
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Definition
Original Horizontality
superposition
Cross-Cutting Relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| beds of sedimentary rocks deposited in water form in horizontal layers |
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Term
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Definition
| In a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the layers get younger going up |
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Term
| In Superposition the oldest rock layer would be where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-A disrupted pattern is older than the cause of the disruption
-younger features “cut” across older features |
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Term
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Definition
special type of contact
-surface that represents a breakin the geologic record
-represents “missing” time |
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Term
| 3 types of unconformities |
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Definition
Disconformity
Angular unconformity
nonconformity |
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Term
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Definition
| produced when horizontal layers are tilted, eroded, and new layers are deposited over the surface |
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Term
| Angular Un Conformities are usually found where? |
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Definition
| found between layers of sedimentary rocks that are at an angle to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by deposition of layers after a period of erosion or nondeposition |
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Term
| Disconformity is found where? |
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Definition
| between layers of sedimentary rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| noncontact metamorphism along surface |
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Term
| how do you identify a Nonconformity? |
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Definition
| separates a body of igneous rocks below from sedimentary layers above |
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Term
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Definition
| means of determining relative age in separate areas |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of correlations? |
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Definition
Physical continuity
Similarity of rock Types
Fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to trace layers to different areas |
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Term
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Definition
| based on same rock type and vertical sequence of layers |
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Term
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Definition
| based on similar fossils in rock units |
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Term
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Definition
| age of rock or event given in units of time |
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Term
| Numerical age uses what type of dating? |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiometric Dating involves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| unstable isotopes that change into new elements |
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Term
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Definition
| isotope produced during radioactive decay |
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Term
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Definition
| process of spontaneously change |
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Term
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Definition
| particles and energy produced during decay is called |
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Term
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Definition
| rate of decay give in terms of |
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes for a givenamount of radioactive isotopeto decay by one-half |
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Term
| what is always constant for a radactive isotope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 common types of mass wasting? |
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Definition
Creep
Debris flow
Falls
Slides |
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Term
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Definition
| very slow, continuous downslope movement of soil and debris |
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Term
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Definition
| material that acts like a liquid |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Debris Flow |
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Definition
Earth Flows
Mud FLows
Avalanches |
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Term
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Definition
| debris that moves downhill as a viscous fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixtures of debris and water moving in a channel |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapidly moving turbulent mass of debris water and air |
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Term
| What are the different types of falls? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pile of fallen rocks at the base of a cliff |
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Term
| What are the different types of slides? |
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Definition
Rock Slides
Debris Slides |
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