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| The flat surface adjacent to the river channel that is periodically inundated by floowater produced by process of flooding |
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| The region drained by a single river or river system |
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| Streams that may merge to form larger. |
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| The theoretical lowest levels to which a river may erode |
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| A graph of a river against distance downstream |
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| Total quantity of sediment carried in river |
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| moves by the bouncing, rolling, or skipping of particles along bottom of channel |
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| Consisting of silt/clay, carried above the streambed by flowing water |
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| Carried in chemical solution, derived from chemical weathering of rocks in drainage basin |
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| the volume of water moving by a particuar location in a river |
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| Streams flowing from mountains to plains forming fan-shaped deposits |
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| A triangular, irregular-shaped landmass extending to sea or lake |
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| Rivers entering alluvial fan or delta environments often split. Several channels. |
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| Largest particle a river may transport |
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| Total load of sediment a river carries |
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| Configuration of the channel as seen in an aerial view |
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| Area where water moves faster during high flow events |
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| Insider area where water moves slowly, sediment deposited |
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| Natural process of overbank flow |
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Definition
| height of the water in a river at any time |
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| Water surface has reached a high-water condition likely to cause damage |
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Definition
| occur in upper parts of drainage basins, produced by intense rainfall |
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| cover wide area, usually produced by storms of long duration |
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| Rate of increase is function of percentage of land covered with roofs pavement and cement |
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| The time between when most of the rainfall occurs and a flood is produced |
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| Straightening, deepening, widening, clearing or lining existing stream channels |
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| Earth embankments constructed parallel to a river |
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| Uses techniques to clean waste from the channel |
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Definition
| Compromise between indiscriminate use of floodplains |
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Term
| What are the three common types of convergent plate boundaries? |
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Definition
| Oceanic-Continental, Oceanic-Oceanic, and Continental-Continental. |
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Term
| What drives the plate motions? |
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Definition
| Convection currents in the mantle is the fundamental driving force |
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Term
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Definition
| Rain and snow falling on forested lands is in the middle of a cycle between the land, sea, and atmosphere, known as the hydrologic cycle. |
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| What type of sediment does a stream transport? |
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Definition
| The streams transport dirt and other items. |
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| How does a stream deposit sediment? |
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Definition
| River sediments are deposited where gravity and friction acting on the sediments overcomes the force of the moving water. |
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Term
| What constitutes a flood? |
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Definition
| excess water temporarily inundating a normally dry area, and |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation of flood plains and winding streams are two of the best ways to hinder the accumulation of water by providing a route for the drainage of water. |
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Definition
| when rocks, earth, or debris fall downward due to gravity |
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Definition
| a type of landslide caused by rock failure in which part of the plane of failure passes through intact rock, material collapses |
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Term
| What type of materials are involved in a rockslide? |
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Definition
| Mass movements are classified based on the type of materials involved |
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| Where do landslides occur? |
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Definition
| Landslides could occur anywhere in a any mountain, hill or little slope. They don't have a tendency to stay in a particular spot. |
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Definition
| formed when the precipitation falls to ground where it passes through the land until it reaches place where there's a total saturation point |
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| Where does groundwater occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the earthquake focus and the epicenter? |
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Definition
| An earthquake's focus is the point within the earth where the earthquake starts. The epicenter is the point on earth directly above the focus. |
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Term
| What are the differences between P and S waves, and Love and Rayleigh waves? |
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Definition
| P waves travel the fastest, S waves are slower, love waves shake the ground side-to-side, and Rayleigh waves displace the ground. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the Mercalli scale and the richter scale? |
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Definition
| In seismology (the study of seismic waves or vibrations in the ground / earthquakes) the Richter scale is a magnitude scale. Magnitude scales show the amount of energy released by an earthquake |
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Term
| How do scientists use the P- and S- wave arrival times to locate an earthquake epicenter |
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Definition
To locate an earthquake, you need the data from at least three seismometer stations. The process is known as triangulation and is described in more detail below.
The seismometer records the P and S-wave arrival times. P-waves travel faster through the earth than S-waves and so they arrive at the seismometer station before the S-waves and are recorded by the seismometer first. |
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Term
| How do earthquakes cause tsunamis and liquefaction? |
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Definition
| If liquefaction occurs under building, it may start to lean, tip over, or sink several feet. |
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Term
| What are 3 geographic areas that suffer from earthquake activity? |
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Definition
| The Pacific Ring of Fire, MO, and areas around Charleston. |
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Term
| What happened during the 1886 earthquake? |
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Definition
| It was a major earthquake over 7 in magnitude that severely damaged Charleston. |
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Term
| What is the major difference between the upper and lower mantle? |
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Definition
| Temperature, pressure, and plasticity. All get higher the further down you go. |
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Term
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Definition
| The discontinuity between the crust and the mantle of the earth |
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Definition
| The solid portion of the Earth. |
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Term
| What is the S-wave shadow zone and what causes it? |
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Definition
| A shadow zone is an area in which an S-Wave (secondary seismic wave) is not detected due to it not being able to pass through the outer core of the earth due to it being liquid. |
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Term
| Contintental drift and plate tectonic theory |
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Definition
| With the discovery of the mid-oceanic ridges, where new crustal plate is being created, and subduction zones, where plates are being destroyed, plate tectonic theory was born; that the crust of the earth is divided into many segments that are in constant motion, that the oceanic crust is constantly being recycled--all driven by heat from the Earth's interior. |
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Term
| What is the theory of plate tectonics? |
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Definition
| The theory of plate tectonics holds that the Earth's crust is composed of mobile plates, which have moved throughout Earth's history. This movement is caused by thermal convection currents produced by the Earth's mantle. |
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Term
| What is evidence of plate tectonics? |
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Definition
It has not yet officially been proved, but scientists and geologists believe it just as much as the theory of evolution and Pythagoras. Things that make it likely to be true:
- Similar rocks on different continents
- Mountains |
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Term
| What are types of plate boundaries? |
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Definition
| Divergent boundaries; Covergent boundaries; and Transform boundaries. |
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Term
| What are the landforms associated between plate boundaries? |
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Definition
| Why fold mountains and ocean trenches form at destructive plate margins. The difference between composite volcanoes which are associated with destructive plate margins and shield volcanoes which are associated with constructive plate margins. |
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