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Geology Spring Final Vocab
CHS10
92
Geology
10th Grade
06/01/2014

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Term
Chapter 28 vocabulary
Definition
Term
refracting telescope
Definition
uses lenses to focus image into eyepiece
Term
reflecting telescope
Definition
uses mirrors to create focus, majority of telescopes
Term
spectroscope
Definition
an optical device for producing and observing a spectrum of light or radiation from any source, consisting essentially of a slit through which the radiation passes, a collimating lens, and an Amici prism
Term
revolution
Definition
one full trip around the sun
Term
waxing vs. waning
Definition
shrinking vs. growing
Term
winter and summer solstice
Definition
shortest (around 21 December) and longest day (around 21 June) of the year, when axis is tilted most away from the sun
Term
spring and autumn equinoxes
Definition
when the day and night are equal Usually occur on 20 March (Spring) and 21 September for (Autumn)
Term
solar eclipse vs. lunar eclipse
Definition
when moon blocks sun--solar eclipse, when earth blocks the sun=lunar eclipse
Term
rotation
Definition
one spin on axis, i.e. a day
Term
electromagnetic spectrum
Definition
arrangement of electromagnetic radiation according to wave lengths; radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
Term
chapter 29 vocabulary
Definition
Term
retrograde motion
Definition
when a planet appears to move backwards in its orbit, happens when earth passes a slower-moving outer planet
Term
Johannes Kepler
Definition
Kepler's First Law: planets orbit the sun in ellipses
Term
terrestrial planets
Definition
inner four planets
Term
heliocentric vs. geocentric
Definition
sun-centered vs. earth-centered
Term
What do the solistice/equinox tell us about the position of the sun
Definition
equinox - when the axis of rotation of the earth is exactly parallel to the direction of motion of the earth around the sun. This happens on just two days of the year, the spring and autumn equinoxes.
Solstices occur when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator.
Term
outer planet
Definition
planets beyond the asteroid belt, the gas giants,

Gigantic
far from sun and far from each other
made ice and gas - helium and hydrogen
Term
Isaac Newton
Definition
synthesized terrestial and celestial dynamics with theory of gravitation. Force of gravity that pulls apple to earth is force of gravity that keeps moon to earth.
Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation
. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes
built first reflecting telescope
Term
inner planets
Definition
dense rocky small planets that are close to the sun and close to each other. T
mercury - rotates 3 1/2 times per revolution around the sun, doesn't have an atmosphere
venus - closest in size to earth. thick CO2 atmosphere -
earth - water planet, tilted access has the seasons
mars - red planet because it has lots of iron in the soil
Term
meteorites
Definition
a solid piece of debris, from such sources as asteroids or comets, that originates in outer space and survives its impact with the Earth's surface
Term
giant gas planet
Definition
Jupiter-largest planet, 16 moons
Saturn-second-largest, bright ring system.
Uranus-third-largest, least massive, tilted almost onto the plane of its orbit.
Neptune-smallest, one big retrograde moon and many small ones.
Term
chapter 30 vocabulary
Definition
Term
doppler effect
Definition
change in the wave frequency that occurs in energy when that energy moves toward or away from an observer... like a siren as it moves closer
Term
red shift and blue shift
Definition
when something is moving away from you, it sound is lengthening and it becomes red shifted (longer wavelength). As sound/light approaches, sound decreases and becomes blue shifted (shorter wavelengths)
Term
constellation
Definition
A group of stars that forms a pattern that resembles an animal, mythological character or every day object
Term
black hole
Definition
a small extremely dense remnant of a star whose gravity is so immense that even light cannot escape its gravity field - (usually occurs after super nova)
Term
visible spectrum
Definition
part of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the naked eye
violet (short wave length reflected more)
red (long wave length reflected less)
Term
luminosity
Definition
is the total amount of energy emitted by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical object per unit time.
energy output of a star per second measured in watts
amount of energy leaving a star at a given time
Term
absolute magnitude
Definition
brightness that an object would have if it were placed at a distance of 10 pc classification system for stellar brightness that can only be calculated when the actual distance is known
Term
stable state
Definition
fourth stage of a star - longest stage
Term
fusion
Definition
process in the stars core which lightweight hydrogen nuclei combine into heavier helium nuclei
Term
solar wind
Definition
wind of charged particles that flows throughout the solar system and begins as gas flowing outward from the suns cornea at high speeds
Term
neutron star
Definition
End of stars life -
collapse dense core of star that forms quickly while its outer layers are falling inward - a mass of 1.5-3X size of sun and has only neutrons
Term
black dwarf
Definition
dead star - made up of carbon
Term
red giant - super giant
Definition
stars that have exhausted their Hydrogen fuel and are burning Helium and heavier elements.
Term
supernova
Definition
a star dies in a HUGE explosion, blowing off its outer layers
Term
parallax
Definition
apparent positional shift of an object caused by the motion of the observer
Term
bright line - dark line - continuous spectrum - emission /absorbtion spectrum
Definition
bright line - emission spectrum - electron fall down - drop which makes light be emitted - identifies which elements are present in the light source
Dark line - absorbtion spectrum - electrons jump up which means light is absorbed
more lines in spectrum mean more elements present
Term
chapter 31 vocabulary
Definition
Term
big bang theory
Definition
14 B years ago a big bang exploded the singularity
Term
galaxy
Definition
A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter
Term
Milky Way Galaxy
Definition
Galaxy of our solar system, Disc-like shape with spiral arms ... has nuclear bulge with a little halo - 100 B+ stars -
Term
Our sun cycle
Definition
Sun completed nebulae, birth of star, main sequence (stable state - which is where it is now)... After it completes this sequence, it will become a BLACK DWARF
Term
Hertzsprun-Russell Diagram
Definition
Graph to study star's evolution... energy output/size/absolute magnitude/luminosity/true brightness and temperature of a star
Term
Sun plot on the H_R Diagram ? Color of hottest stars?
Definition
Sun plots on Main Spectrum 6,000K
Hottest stars are Blue
Term
Nuclear Reaction at center of sun?
Definition
Fusion
Term
Solar Wind vs. auroras
Definition
charged particles in the solar wind interacts with the earth's magnetic field and produces the Aurora(Northern lights)
Term
Meterology review: chapter 11 vocabulary
Definition
Term
mesosphere
Definition
The mesosphere (/ˈmɛsoʊsfɪər/; from Greek mesos "middle" and sphaira "ball") is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratopause and directly below the mesopause.
Term
conduction
Definition
the transfer of energy that occurs when energy collides
Term
troposphere
Definition
the layer closest to earth's surface... contains most of the mass of the atmosphere including water vapor
Contains: 78% nitrogen and 21% Oxygen
Term
ionsphere
Definition
The ionosphere /aɪˈɒnɵˌsfɪər/ is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 85 km (53 mi) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. It is distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere.
Term
cirrus
Definition
(hair) - wispy streamy clouds
Term
cumulus
Definition
(heap) - puffy looking clouds
Term
hail
Definition
solid percipitation It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice
Term
convection
Definition
transfer of energy by a flow of heated substance
Term
ozone
Definition
a gas formed by the addition of a third oxygen atom to a molecule

Produced by combinations of air pollutants in the troposphere
Term
stratosphere
Definition
above the troposphere, extending to about 32 miles (50 km) above the earth's surface (the lower boundary of the mesosphere). made up primarily of concentrated ozones
Term
auroras
Definition
a natural electrical phenomenon characterized by the appearance of streamers of reddish or greenish light in the sky, usually near the northern or southern magnetic pole.
Term
psychrometer
Definition
An instrument that uses the difference in readings between two thermometers, one having a wet bulb and the other having a dry bulb, to measure the moisture content or relative humidity of air.
Term
cumulonimbus
Definition
is a dense towering vertical cloud associated with thunderstorms and atmospheric instability, forming from water vapor carried by powerful upward air currents.
Term
specific humidity
Definition
the ratio of the mass of water vapor in air to the total mass of the mixture of air and water vapor.
Term
evaporation
Definition
vaporaization change of state involving thermal energy process whereby water changes to liquid to gas
Term
dew point
Definition
the atmospheric temperature (varying according to pressure and humidity) below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form.
Term
condensation
Definition
a process of conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid.
Term
relative humidity
Definition
Relative humidity is the ratio f water vapor contained in a specific volume of air compared with how much water vapor that amount of air can actually hold.
Term
stratus
Definition
Stratus clouds are a genus of low-level cloud characterized by horizontal layering with a uniform base, as opposed to convective or cumuliform clouds that are formed by rising thermals.
Term
latent heat
Definition
Latent heat is the energy released or absorbed by a body or a thermodynamic system during a constant-temperature process.
Term
Chapter 12- Meteorology vocabulary
Definition
Term
tradewinds
Definition
global wind systems that flows at 30 degrees north and south latitude where air sinks warms and returns to the equator in a westerly direction
Term
prevailing westerlies
Definition
global wind system that lies between 30 - 60 degrees N latitude where surface air moves toward the poles in an easterly direcation
Term
meterology
Definition
Study the air that surrounds our planet, atmospheric phenomen snow clouds lightening, fog
Term
doldrums
Definition
low pressure area by the equator. low wind, rain
Term
coriolis effect
Definition
the deflects moving particles such as air right above the equator and to the left of the equator caused by earths rotation and combines with the imbalance on earth to create the tradewinds and polar easterlies and prevailing westerlies
Term
horse latitude
Definition
Horse latitudes or subtropical highs are subtropical latitudes between 30 and 35 degrees both north and south.
Term
New Moon VS Full Moon
Definition
moon is between earth and sun

Earth is between moon and sun
Term
First VS Third Quarter
Definition
First: Waxing parallel to earth, half moon
Third: Waning also parallel to the earth and half moon
Term
What causes the tides?
Definition
lunar or solar pull that causes water to rush to that side
Term
Why do the tides rise and fall every 6 hours and 12.5 minutes
Definition
Because the Earth rotates through two tidal “bulges” every lunar day, coastal areas experience two high and two low tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes. High tides occur 12 hours and 25 minutes apart. It takes six hours and 12.5 minutes for the water at the shore to go from high to low, or from low to high.The lunar day is 50 minutes longer than a solar day because the moon revolves around the Earth in the same direction that the Earth rotates around its axis. So, it takes the Earth an extra 50 minutes to “catch up” to the moon
Term
Spring Tide VS Neap Tide
Definition
Spring: more tide because sun and moon are aligned moon is in new or full stage
Neap: Very little tide because the moon and the sun are pulling in two opposite directions, moon is in first or third quarter
Term
Weather VS Climate
Definition
Weather: current state of the atmosphere
Climate: Long term variations in a particular region
Term
Structure of Atmosphere
Definition
Exosphere-top- Temp: close to 0 degrees
Thermosphere- Temp: rises to an average of zero
Mesosphere- Temperature drops to -80 because no Ozone
Stratosphere- Contains concentrated OZONE absorbs ultraviolet radiation Temp: rises to zero
Troposphere- bottom- clouds are located-
Term
Methods of heat transfer
Definition
Conduction- heat flow involves the transfer of heat from one location to another in the absence of any material flow
Convection- the process of heat transfer from one location to the next by the movement of fluids
Radiation-the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves
Term
Temperature VS Heat
Definition
Heat- is the amount of energy in a system
Temperature- is the MEASURE of the AVERAGE molecular motions in a system and simply has units of (degrees F, degrees C, or K)
Term
ICE to LIQUID to GAS
Definition

[image][image]

Term
Water Cycle
Definition
The water cycle is a continuous cycle where water evaporates, travels into the air and becomes part of a cloud, falls down to earth as precipitation, and then evaporates again. This repeats again and again in a never-ending cycle. Water keeps moving and changing from a solid to a liquid to a gas, over and over again.
Term
Evaporation and Condensation
Definition
Evaporation: When a liquid becomes a gas [Warming]

Condensation: When a gas (Vapor) becomes a liquid [Cooling]
Term
Specific Humidity

What holds more hot or cold air?
Definition
The ratio of water vapor in the air to the total mass it can hold

Warm holds more
Term
Relative Humidity... How is it measured?
Definition
Relative Humidity is a measure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount of vapor that can exist in the air at its current temperature. It is measured in a percent (%)
Term
Dew Point
Definition
the atmospheric temperature (varying according to pressure and humidity) below which water droplets begin to condense and dew can form.
Term
Adiabatic Cooling
Definition
Adiabatic cooling deals with the cooling of parcels of air as they rise, or are forced up, through the atmosphere
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