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| Processes of solidifying rocks. Processes include compaction and cementation |
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| Ability to split into thin layers along close planes |
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| Rocks with predominate sand-size grains. Second most abundant sed. rocks after shale |
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| Degree of SIMILARITY in particle size in sedimentary rocks |
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| Form when dissolved materials are precipitated as a white crust on the ground. |
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| Fossils and information on sediment transport |
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| Evidence of past environments |
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| After sediments are deposited, they undergo physical, biological, and chemical changes. Occurs between 150-200 C |
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| Development of less stable crystals to more stable ones. |
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| Sediment that was once in solution. Distinguished by mineral composition. Limestone, dolostone, chert, coal, rock gysum/evaporites, coquina |
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| Sediment that was transported as solid particles - Have clay minerals, quartz, feldspars, and micas. Distinguished by particles SIZE. Have CLASTIC texture (discrete fragments compacted together)Conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale |
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| Compose of 5% of crust and 75% of upper surface. |
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| Most common sedimentary rock. Consists of laminae (thin sheets/layers). Weak due to poor cementation. Has high fissility (breaks into flat planes) |
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| Sand sized grains cemented together. Main mineral is quartz. |
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| Calcite, silica, iron oxide |
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| Well-sorted, quartz-rich, highly rounded |
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| Rich in feldspar, angular grains of ferromagnesium, little chemical weathering, and little transport. |
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| Sorting from well to poorly sorted |
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Definition
| Windblow, wave washed, stream deposition. |
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| Most abundant chemical rock. Main constituent is calcite. Organic examples are coquina and chalk. Inorganic example is oolitic limestone. |
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| When seawater evaporates the minerals left behind precipitate. Less soluble minerals precipitate first. Examples: rock gypsum and rock salt and salt flats. |
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| Plant material > Peat > Lignite > Bituminous > (metamorphism)Anthracite |
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Definition
| Coal(composed of ORGANIC material) stages of formation |
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Definition
| Texture in which the minerals form a pattern of interlocking crystals |
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Term
| Environment deposition or sedimentary environment |
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Definition
| Geographic setting where sediment is accumulated. Sediments get transported from this environments through gravity, water, wind, and ice. |
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| Examples of sedimentary environments |
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Definition
| Continental (glaciers, streams, alluvial fans, sand dunes), Marine (shallow and deep waters), and transitional (shoreline, tidal flats, lagoons, deltas, beaches) |
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| A unit of accumulated sediment. Each set possesses a distinct set of characteristics reflecting the conditions in a particular environment. Clumps of certain type of sedimentary rock. |
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| Weight of overlying materials compresses the deeper sediments |
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| Soluble materials such as calcite, iron oxide, or silica fill open spaces between sediment grains and join them together |
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| Indicate that sediment in which they were formed was alternately WET AND DRY. When exposed to air mud dries out and shrinks. Found in tidal flats, shallow lakes, and desert basins. |
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| Remains or traces of prehistoric life. Gives info on past environments if nature of organisms found are known. |
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| Small waves of sand that develop on the surface of sediment layer by moving water or air |
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| Particles within a single sedimentary layer gradually change from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top. Found in high-energy environment such as surf zones or rushing streams |
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| Sandstone with significant amount of feldspar suggesting that the rock is immature. |
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| Chemical rock that is said to be ancient since they need a vast amount of time for the magnesium to replace the calcium |
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