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geology second test chapter 3
chapter 3 notes
61
Geology
Undergraduate 1
03/18/2012

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Term
products of mechanical and chemical weathering?
Definition
sedimentary rocks
Term
sedimentary rocks compose of ___ of earths outer 10 miles.
Definition
5%
Term
sedimentary rock contain evidence of ___ ___.
Definition
past environments
Term
sedimentary rock forms when Material from mechanical and chemical weathering is transported by___, ___ or ___.
Definition
wind, ice, water
Term
sedimentary rocks form Deposition as sediment meaning particles ___ out or minerals ___.
Definition
settle; precipate
Term
sedimentary rock form when sediments are ___ and sediments are __ and __ into rock. this is called?
Definition
buried; compacted and cemented; Diagenesis/Lithification
Term
3 types of sedimentary rock?
Definition
derital; chemical; organic
Term
compacted and cemented sediment?
Definition
derital
Term
minerals precipitated from water?
Definition
chemical
Term
accumulated plant debris - coal?
Definition
organic
Term
The chief constituents of detrital rocks include __ minerals, ___,___,___.Particle size is used to distinguish among the various rock types.
Definition
clay; quartz; feldspars; micas
Term
Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to___ ___.
Definition
particle size
Term
The most abundant sedimentary rock?
Definition
shale
Term
Greater than ___ of sedimentary rocks are shale.
Definition
50%
Term
clay sized grains - cannot see individual grains, are fissile; and weathers easily so few outcrops.
Definition
shale
Term
breaks into thin layers because clay minerals are flat and aligned?
Definition
fissile
Term
Forms from gradual settling in quiet-water environment. examples are lakes, floodplains, swamps, ocean basin?
Definition
Shale Environment of deposition
Term
Sand sized grains?
Definition
sandstone
Term
Features of Sandstones is ___ ___,grain ___.
Definition
grain sorting; grain roundness
Term
Common Types of Sandstone are __ __,__,__.
Definition
quartz sandstone; arkose; graywacke
Term
all quartz? quartz and feldspar? quartz, feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals?
Definition
quartz sandstone; arkose; graywacke
Term
Length of sediment transport determined from shape, sorting and mineral composition of sand grains?
Definition
Sandstone Environment of Deposition
Term
Sand grains are well rounded, well sorted, and composed of quartz. examples are Sand dune, beach?
Definition
Long transport from weathered source
Term
Sand grains are angular, poorly sorted and composed of quartz, feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals. examples are turbidite – submarine land slide?
Definition
Short transport from weathered source
Term
for Conglomerate minerals grains are ___ sized and ___, __ sorted, __ rounded.
Definition
pea; larger; poorly; well
Term
Conglomerate Depositional environment is __ __ transport, __ slopes, very ___ currents, __ __ and __.
Definition
high energy; steep; turbelent; mountain streams; landslide
Term
conglomerate is___.
Definition
derital
Term
Consist of precipitated material that was once dissolved in water?
Definition
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Term
Chemical sedimentary rocks have __ process and ___ process.
Definition
inorganic and organic
Term
Minerals precipitate from water as a result of evaporation?
Definition
inorganic process
Term
Minerals precipitate as shells of aquatic organisms and collect on the sea floor or lake beds?
Definition
organic process- biochemical origin
Term
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Most abundant chemical rock

Composed of the mineral calcite?
Definition
limestone
Term
form as coral reefs, coquina, and chalk?
Definition
Biochemical limestones
Term
corals secrete a CaCO3 external skeleton that are cemented together into reefs? rock of broken shells? rock of shells of microscopic organisms?
Definition
coral reefs; coquina; chalk
Term
example of inorganic limestone?
Definition
travertime
Term
Inorganic precipitate of microcrystalline quartz (SiO2 ) deposited directly from water>\?
Definition
chert
Term
examples of chert: dark from organic matter? red from iron oxide? banded jasper?
Definition
flint; jasper; agate
Term
Generally an inorganic chemical precipitate?
Definition
chert
Term
Water in enclosed basins evaporates concentrating elements to saturation with minerals, Least soluble minerals precipitate first, form salt flats?
Definition
evaporites
Term
Made of organic matter

organic matter deposits in stagnant swamps?
Definition
coal
Term
partially altered plant material very smoky when burned and low energy?
Definition
peat
Term
soft, brown coal, moderate energy?
Definition
lignite
Term
soft, black coal, major coal used in power generation and industry and high energy?
Definition
bituminous
Term
hard, black coal, used in industry, and high energy?
Definition
anthracite
Term
All chemical, biological and physical changes that take place after a sediment is deposited?
Definition
Diagenesis
Term
process in which unconsolidated sediment is transformed into solid rock?
Definition
Lithification
Term
Lithification involves two processes __ and ___. (hint cc)
Definition
compaction and cementation
Term
sediment buried and grains squeezed together? ___ experiences the greastest ___.
Definition
compaction; shale; compaction
Term
water in pore space precipitates minerals?
Definition
cementation
Term
Sedimentary Environments: land ex. alluvial (river deposits), desert, lakes, glacial?
Definition
terrestrial (continental)
Term
Sedimentary Environments: transitional between land and sea ex. delta, tidal flat, beach?
Definition
shoreline
Term
Sedimentary Environments: ocean ex. deep ocean mud, reefs, turbidites?
Definition
marine
Term
Change rock type and sedimentary environment within a single sedimentary layer?
Definition
sedimentary facies
Term
Provide information about the environment of deposition.

Help determine if a sedimentary layer is right-side-up.?
Definition
sedimentary structures
Term
Sedimentary Structures: sedimentary layers (beds)?
Definition
strata
Term
Sedimentary Structures: desert sand, river?
Definition
cross-bedding
Term
Sedimentary Structures: Current , sand bar in shallow stream

Wave oscillation (back and forth) on beach?
Definition
ripple marks
Term
Sedimentary Structures: turbidites on continental shelf?
Definition
graded beds
Term
Sedimentary Structures: ancient soil zone?
Definition
mud cracks
Term
Remains or traces of prehistoric life often found in sedimentary rocks?
Definition
fossils
Term
___ Occurs in pore space of sedimentary rock.
Definition
oil
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