Term
| What are multiple forms of energy seen in Geology? |
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Definition
Potential: Stored energy due to elevation
Kinetic Energy of motion
Thermal Engergy of Heat
Chemical Energy released during chemical processes like oxidation
Atomic Energy released by radioactive decay
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Term
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Definition
| An atom with a missing or extra electron(s) giving it a positive or negative energy |
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Term
| Name and define some atomic bonds |
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Definition
Ionic-a cation and an anion are attracted due to their oppistie charges
Covalent-Atoms share one or more electrons to fill their outer electon shells
Metallic-Atoms share a sea of loosely held electons
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Term
| Give six properties a substance must have in order to be a mineral |
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Definition
| Naturally occurring, homogenous, inorganic, solid, with an ordered atomic arrangement, specific composition (or range) |
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Term
| Why are silicate minerals the most abunant in the earths crust? |
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Definition
| Because they are made up of the two most abundant elements in the crust (silicon and oxygen) |
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Term
| What are silicate minerals made up of |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the charge, and chemical compostion on the Silica Tetrahedron |
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Definition
charge= -4
Composition- SiO4 |
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Term
| Why are minerals like pyrite or spalerite important to us but make up so little of the crust? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of silicate is olivine |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of silicate is pyroxene |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of silicate is amphibole |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of silicate is quartz |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of silicate is mica |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a silicate that is independent? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe a silicate that is a sheet
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Definition
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Term
Describe a silicate that is double chained?
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Definition
| 2 or three oxygens are shared |
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Term
Describe a silicate that is has a frame work property?
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Definition
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Term
Describe a silicate that is single chain?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a atoms with a unbalanced number of neutrons to protons (has a different atomic weight) |
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Term
| What are some types of minerals other than silicates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to break repeatedly along parallel planes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the four places rock melt? |
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Definition
| Mid ocean ridges, hotspots, Subduction zones, Continental Rifts |
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Term
| How do different Compostions of rocks form? |
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Definition
| Partial melting, fractional crystallization, different amounts of water, wet magma |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of minerals? |
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Definition
| Cleavage, color, streak, hardness, fracture, luster reacts to HCl |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the pluton is massive and 100+ km2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tabular that go in between layers |
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Definition
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Term
| Tabular sheet that cuts layer |
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Definition
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Term
| a tabular sheet that fills up like a baloon |
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Definition
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Term
| a tabular sheet that fills down like a baloon |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sizes of grains? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rocks that has bubles in it are called |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of ways lava can flow? |
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Definition
| Pillow flows, Volcanic Dome, Spine |
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Term
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Definition
| particles that leave a volcano after an eruption |
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Term
| What are the five types of pyrocalastics? |
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Definition
Ash, cinders, lapilli, block, bomb
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Term
| What are the three type of volcanoes? |
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Definition
| shield, cinder cone, strato volcanoes (calderas fisher eruptions) |
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Term
| What are the four volcanic hazards? |
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Definition
| Lava, Pyrocalastics, Gases, Mud flows |
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Term
| What are the two dealdy forms of pyrocalastics? |
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Definition
| Ash Falls and Nuee` Ardente |
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Term
| What are the two ways basalt floods cool/ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are earths four sub systems? |
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Definition
| Biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere |
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Term
| How do plate tectonics move |
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Definition
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Term
Order these minerals in melting temperature.
pyroxene, biotite mica, Ca Feldspar, Na Feldspar, amphibole, Muscovite mica, quartz, k feldspar, garnet, olivine |
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Definition
| highest to lowest quartz, K feldspar, muscovite mica, biotite mica, Na Feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine garnet, ca feldspar |
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Term
| What is fractional Crystallization? |
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Definition
| When the magma cools crystals are seperated in different ways. Coffee filter or fall to the bottom |
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Term
| What is the definition of density? |
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Definition
The mass per volume unit of material
mass/volume |
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Term
| What are some non-silcate minerals |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the earth's source of heat? |
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Definition
| The earth's core, fueled by pressure and radioactive deccay |
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Term
| What is Geothermal Gradient and whats it equation? |
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Definition
When you reach lower depths in earth you get hotter and hotter.
15-75 degrees C per kilometer down. |
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Term
| What temperature do mafic rocks melt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What a mafic's rock gas content? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the silica content of mafic rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the viscosity of mafic lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the explosively of mafic rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the density of mafic rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the location of mafic lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What temperature does Intermediate rocks melt at? |
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Definition
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Term
| What temperature does felsic rocks melt at? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gas content for intermediate lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gas content felsic lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the silica content for intermediate lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the silica content for felsic lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the explosively of intermediate lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the explosively of felsic lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the density of intermediate lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the density of felsic lavas? |
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Definition
| 2.7 grams/centimeter cubed |
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Term
| What is the location of Intermediate lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the location for felsic lavas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define viscosity and its contributing factors. |
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Definition
A measure of a fluids resistance to flow.
higher silica content higher viscosity |
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Term
| What is fracture injection? |
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Definition
| When lava pushes its way up through the earth through cracks. |
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Term
| Describe how lava melts through to the surface? |
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Definition
| The lava is so hot that is melts the country rock a moves up. |
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Term
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Definition
| When chunks of country rock falls into the magma and magma rises into its place. |
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Term
| What are two ways a rock can weather chemically? |
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Definition
| By solution and oxidation |
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Term
| Describe weathering via solution? |
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Definition
| dissolves like Halite or salt. All minerals (except quartz) dissolve |
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Term
| Describe oxidation how can weather rocks |
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Definition
| Certain minerals (like biotite) will rust. If biotite is in a rock, taking it out will make the rock crumble apart. |
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Term
| What are four ways a rock can weather mechanically? |
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Definition
| Frost Wedging, Unloading, Thermal Expansion, Organic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| water gets into rocks cracks, freeze and makes the crack bigger. |
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Term
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Definition
| When pressure that has been on a crystallized magma body is taken away it wants to expand and cracks. Like taking pressure of a bed spring. |
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Term
| Describe thermal expansion. |
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Definition
| Forest fires expands rocks, cools and breaks |
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Term
| What are three ways organic activity can weather rocks? |
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Definition
| root wedging(roots breaking up rocks), animal borrowing(clams chewing through clay, worms eating rocks) human quarrying |
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Term
| Describe Spheroidal weathering. |
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Definition
| rocks weather in corners faster, then edges and lastly planes (more ways to attack corners and edges). Makes spheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| cracks that go around surface of rock, piles up like onion. Happens because rocks less likely to crack straight through (find shortest distance) |
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Term
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Definition
| weathered material that blankets bedrock. |
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Term
| What are the different layer of soil from top to bottom? |
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Definition
| O Horizon, A Horizon, B, Horizon, C Horizon Bed Rock |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic material (worms, weeds) |
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Term
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Definition
| zone of leaching minerals. All the minerals are leached out of this area |
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Term
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Definition
| The B horizon is were all the leach minerals are deposited |
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Term
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Definition
| Partially weathered Bed Rock |
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Term
| What are three types of soil? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In warm dry climates. Has a white B layer. Salt has time to build up over time(cause it doesn't rain.) Contains salts and carbonates |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms in warm humid climates. B horizon has aluminum ore called bouxite |
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Term
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Definition
| made of wind blown dust. Indicates a cool dry climate. Great Farming soil |
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Term
| Describe Clastic or Detrital rocks. |
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Definition
| rocks that are made up of fragments. Defined by size and type of fragments. |
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Term
| What rocks form at a base of a cliff. |
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Definition
Breccia
(coarse angular pieces) |
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Term
| What rocks form in streamed channels? |
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Definition
Conglomerate
(Coarse rounded grain) |
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Term
| What rocks form on river stream banks? |
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Definition
Arkose sandstone
(25% feldspar) |
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Term
| What rock forms on stream beds? |
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Definition
Graywacke
(sandstone with clay so it looks dark) |
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Term
| What rock forms on beaches or sand dunes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms in still waters? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A river curent tends to sort grains by grain size and mineral shape |
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Term
| Explain chemical sediment rocks. |
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Definition
| form from precipitain or evarporation of dissolved minerals |
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Term
| What are three types of chemical sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
Tvavertine (evaporated water droplets that leave a deposit of minerals)
Evaporates(lakes that evaporate yearly and leave behind minerals
Oolitics(organic matter that has a coating of calcite) |
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Term
| Define orgainc sediment rocks. |
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Definition
| Sediment rocks that have orgainc envloved in the process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coal comes from the compaction of organic material usually gathered in swamps. |
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Term
| What are rocks made up completely |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some high energy enviroments. |
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Definition
| gravity, glaciers, wind, rivers |
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Term
| What are some low energy areas |
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Definition
| Standing water and valley floors |
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Term
| What is Diagnesis or lification? |
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Definition
| The process that turns lose sediment into rocks. |
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Term
| What are the two main factors in Diagensis or lification? |
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Definition
| Compaction and Cementation |
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Term
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Definition
| Water traveling down between grains leaves behing minerals. These minerals gather and over time will gap the distance between the grains. |
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Term
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Definition
| The different layer in rock that can be organized in color, grain size, or compostional change, |
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Term
| What are three different kinds of fossils? |
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Definition
| Ripple Marks, Crossbeds and Mud Cracks |
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Term
| What can ripple marks show about a rocks enviroment? |
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Definition
| current dirrection and pateo horrizontal |
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Term
| what can crossbeds show about a rock's enviroment? |
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Definition
| current dirrection and pateo horrizontal |
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Term
| What does mud cracks show about a rock's enviroment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Finding out which layer of the rock was horrizontal to the surface |
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Term
| What is a metamorphic rock? |
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Definition
| The change in a rock's mineralogy and/or texture due to increase in pressure and/or heat |
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Term
| What are the two cause to make a rock metaphorsis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Lithosatic pressure. |
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Definition
| equal pressure on all sides of a rock |
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Term
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Definition
| greater pressure on two sides |
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Term
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Definition
| the cause of parrallel allignment of flat or long minerals when direct pressure is applied (poker chips being pushed together.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heat moved by a medium example: air or water |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat moved by transmitted waves |
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Term
| Describe a fissure eruption |
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Definition
| Erupt with a flood of lava leaves surrounding areas flat and low |
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Term
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Definition
| When large amounts of magma leave quickly the mountain can't support it self. It explodes leaving a huge crator. |
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Term
| What are four examples of calderas that erupted. |
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Definition
| Yellow stone, Mt. Mazama, Krakatoa, and Tamborini |
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Term
| When did Krakatoa, Tamboini and Mt. Mazama explode? |
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Definition
Krakatoa-1883
Tamborini-1645
Mt. Mazama- 6900 years ago |
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Term
| What is the average height and angle of a shield volcano? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average height and angle of a Cinder Cone Volcano? |
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Definition
| 1/3 km tall 30-40 degrees |
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Term
| What is the average height and angle of a strato Volcano? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a solid naturally occurring substance that has a systematic internal organization. Each mineral is made up of chemical elements specific proportions for that mineral |
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Term
| What are three different types of lava flows? |
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Definition
| Basaltic, Andestitic, Rhyolitic. |
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Term
| At what dates did yellow stone erupt? |
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Definition
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