Term
| Oceanic crust vs. continental crust |
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Definition
oceanic is thin and dense.
continental is thick and less dense. |
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Term
|
Definition
| earthquakes, volcanoes, explosions, and other man-made sources. |
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Term
| types of crustal boundaries |
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Definition
middle of oceans
ocean to ocean
ocean to continent
continent to continent |
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Term
| types of plate boundaries |
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Definition
| convergent, divergent, transform, passive |
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Term
| convergent boundaries consist of... |
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Definition
ocean-ocean
ocean-continent
continent-continent |
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Term
| divergent boundaries include... |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of boundry is the san andreas fault? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| documentation of earthquakes goes back how many years? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the deepest parts of oceans |
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Definition
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Term
| where does new oceanic crust form? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the deepest seismicity form? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how THIN is oceanic crust? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how THICK is continental crust? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when plates slide horizontally back and forth from eachother? |
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Definition
| Transform faults are formed |
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Term
| what kind of collisions are responsible for the highest mountains on earth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how are we able to see plate boundaries? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why was the Alaskan Earthquake of 1964 so important? |
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Definition
| Because it provided one of the most modern examples of the effects of subduction of oceanic crust. |
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Term
| What was one of this things we saw after the alaskan earthquake? (think pictures) |
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Definition
| We saw vertical motion, differential settlement of soils, large fissures and liquefaction, and landslides |
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Term
| What happens when an earthquake happens near or beneath an ocean? |
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Definition
| it can generate large scale water waves. |
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Term
| difference between harbor waves and tsunami waves |
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Definition
| harbor waves are in the immediate vicinity of the earthquake while tsunamis can travel across an entire ocean basin |
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Term
| how big was the Alaskan 1964 Earthquake fault? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a risk of living on a coastal area? |
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Definition
| water waves that are generated by earthquakes. |
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Term
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Definition
| when some types of soil and rock liquify during strong ground motion |
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Term
| How is ground motion amplified and reduced? |
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Definition
| it is amplified by soft rock and reduced by hard rock |
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Term
| How large can vertical motion occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are landslides triggered? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the ways buildings can be destroyed during an earthquake? |
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Definition
| differential compaction of soils |
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Term
| what were the precursors to the Mt. Pelee eruption? |
|
Definition
sulfur gas
earthquakes
ash
dome building
superheated water
increased temperature
explosions |
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Term
| how fast do gas clouds travel at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "glowing cloud" or "glowing avalanche" |
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|
Term
| What is volcanism associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does lava always accompany volcanoes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of weather is generated from an eruption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many miles did the Mt. Pelee eruption cover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture of mud and hot water |
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Term
|
Definition
| the earth is the center of the solar system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the sun is the center of the solar system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1) orbit of each planet travels in eclipse motion with the sun as on foci
2) A line drawn from sun to the planet
sweeps out equal area in equal time
3) p2=kd3 |
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|
Term
| what causes planetary accretion and orbits? |
|
Definition
| gravitational forces. may the force be with you. |
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Term
| what are the three types of heat transfer |
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Definition
| radiation, convection, conduction |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the handle to the pot of hot water you are cooking. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the hot water in the pot you are cooking |
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Term
|
Definition
| bringing together two small atoms with sufficient pressure so that they form a single, larger atom |
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Term
| The scientific fucking model |
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Definition
1. Observation
2. Model Construction
3. Model Prediction
4. Additional Observations
5. Revised Model |
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|
Term
| What are mountain ranges evidence of? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What do adjacent continental boundaries have? |
|
Definition
| they have complimentary shapes |
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Term
|
Definition
| where the seismic waves first originate |
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Term
|
Definition
| the point on the ground surface directly above the focus or hypocenter |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| plastic, flow, hotter than lithoshpere |
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|
Term
| observations supporting plate tectonics |
|
Definition
paleomagnetism
age of oceans and continents
polar wandering data
hot spot tracks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angle along the horizon between true north and magnetic north |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| angle with respect to the vertical |
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|
Term
| the larger the inclination angle is the _______ it is to the north or south pole. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the inclination angle can be used to determine what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what happens when magma is still fluid? |
|
Definition
| small, magnetic particles in the magma align themselves with the Earth's magnetic field. |
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|
Term
| what happens as magma cools and solidifies? |
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Definition
| it locks in the alignment of the magnetic particles thus recording the orientation of the earth's field |
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|
Term
| what does dating the rock tell us? |
|
Definition
| the past orientation of the earth's magnetic field |
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|
Term
| is earth's outer core solid or fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| earth's outer core is primarily made up of what element? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the motion of liquid iron establish? |
|
Definition
| it establishes an electric current that generates the magnetic field |
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|
Term
| what can earth's magnetic field periodically reverse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is new oceanic crust formed? |
|
Definition
| along spreading ridges with the deposition of new magma |
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|
Term
| what happens when new magma cools and soidifies? |
|
Definition
| the magnetic particles are permanently aligned with the current field |
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Term
| further back magnetic particles are from the the ridge the ________ back in time it is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does the mantle behave as a solid? |
|
Definition
| short time periods (seconds to hours) |
|
|
Term
| how long does the mantle behave as a viscous fluid |
|
Definition
| long tim periods (years to thousands of years) |
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|
Term
| Heat source in plates is.... |
|
Definition
| core and radioactive decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
earthquake locations
volcano locations
continental shapes
similarity of landforms
paleoclimates
fossils
earthquake depths
reversal of earth’s magnetic field
apparent polar wander
hot spot tracks
age of oceanic crust |
|
|
Term
| driving mechanism for plates is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| divergent boundaries include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| convergent boundaries include |
|
Definition
ocean-continent
ocean-ocean
continent |
|
|
Term
| rifts and ridges are the source for what kind of crust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rifts and ridges have what kind of earthquakes and what kind of volcanism? |
|
Definition
| They have shallow earthquakes (less than 30 km) and LOTS of volcanism |
|
|
Term
| name the rift details set up in order from top to bottom |
|
Definition
sediments
pillow lavas and sheet flows
sheeted dykes
gabbro |
|
|
Term
| name the layers of oceanic crust |
|
Definition
1) fine muds and sediments, thinnest at ridge and thickest on flanks
2) pillow basalts formed by extrusion of magma under water
3a) dike intrusion
3b) lower gabbro |
|
|
Term
| what can transform faults connect? |
|
Definition
| they can connect convergent and divergent plate boundaries in various combos |
|
|
Term
| what do divergent boundaries form first as? |
|
Definition
| they form first as continental rifts and then produce ocean basins with mid-ocean ridges |
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|
Term
| normal faults equal______ in divergent boundaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| divergent boundries have what earthquake and volcano characteristics? |
|
Definition
| few shallow earthquakes and lots of volcanism |
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|
Term
| ocean-continent characteristics |
|
Definition
very deep earthquakes and many volcanoes
have thrust faulting--compression
have trench, accretionary wedge, magmatic arc, and back arc |
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|
Term
| ocean-ocean characteristics |
|
Definition
denser oceanic crust
thrust faulting-compression
have trench, accretionary wedge, magmatic arc, and back arc basin |
|
|
Term
| continent-continent characteristics |
|
Definition
mountain building
thrust faulting (sexual)
NO VOLCANOES |
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|
Term
| Transform fault characteristics of boundaries |
|
Definition
narrow boundaries along which horizontal motion of two plates
ocean-ocean and ocean-continent boundaries |
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|
Term
| transform faults have what kind of zones? |
|
Definition
| narrow zones as great as 100 km wide on land |
|
|
Term
| what kind of faulting is transform faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| charactersitcs of fault plane in transform fault |
|
Definition
| fault plane is nearly vertical |
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|
Term
| earthquakes and volcanoes characteristics in transform faults |
|
Definition
| shallow earthquakes (15 km) and NO volcanoes! |
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|
Term
| tools needed to understand the earth |
|
Definition
siesmograph/seismometer--machine for detecting earthquakes
and computers |
|
|
Term
| velocity of seismic waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acoustic velocity of breaking a balloon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _____ you are from the balloon the _____ it takes to reach you |
|
Definition
| further you are from the balloon, the longer it takes to reach you |
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|
Term
| Velocity is a characteristic of what? |
|
Definition
| velocity is a characteristic of geological materials. |
|
|
Term
| what is the velocity formula for propagation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the propagation velocity? |
|
Definition
| propogation velocity is the property of the material through which the waves propagate. |
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|
Term
| What does determining the propagation velocity help identify? |
|
Definition
| Helps identify the type of material through which waves propagate. |
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|
Term
| Why is propagation important? |
|
Definition
| We can observe seismic waves that are able to travel to great depths when we cannot. |
|
|
Term
| Only one kind of wave is in the atmosphere infrasound. what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How were we able to locate aircraft at night? |
|
Definition
| by using low frequency acoustic waves in the atmosphere. |
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|
Term
| Do Compressional/ P waves travel through solids or liquids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Velocity of propigation is dependent on what? |
|
Definition
| it is dependent on material properties |
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|
Term
| Do P waves move slower in fluids or solids? |
|
Definition
| P waves move slower in fluids |
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|
Term
| What do p waves/ compressional waves propagate as? |
|
Definition
| They propagate as a compression followed by an expansion of the material |
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|
Term
| What way to shear or s waves move in |
|
Definition
| s waves move in perpendicular to the direction of propigation |
|
|
Term
| do shear or s waves travel in solids or fluids? |
|
Definition
| S WAVES ONLY TRAVEL IN SOLIDS |
|
|
Term
| the velocity of s or shear waves' velocity is dependent on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is slower in a solid? an s wave or a p wave? |
|
Definition
| S waves are slower than P waves in a sold |
|
|
Term
| What are the tree types of seismograms |
|
Definition
1. compressional (p waves)
2. shear (S waves)
3. Surface waves |
|
|
Term
| which of the three waves arrive first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the waves have the fastest velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the three waves arrives second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the three waves have the slowest velocity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the surface waves have the largest amplitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much do you hate your life doing this flash cards right now kelsie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Along what do Surface Waves travel along?=S? |
|
Definition
| ONLY ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH |
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|
Term
| All motion in surface love waves travel in what direction |
|
Definition
| horizontal and perpendicular to propagaition direction |
|
|
Term
| What direction do surface rayleigh waves travel? |
|
Definition
| All motion in surface rayleigh waves is vertical and parallel to propagaion direction |
|
|
Term
| do surface waves travel in solids or fluids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of surface waves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are surface waves trapped? |
|
Definition
| surface waves are trapped near the earth's surface |
|
|
Term
| Where do displacements in surface waves decay? |
|
Definition
| Displacements in surface waves decay away from surface |
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|
Term
| Surface waves have the _________ amplitudes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the duration of one cycle or oscillation in a surface wave |
|
Definition
| idk but it is THE LONGEST of all waves |
|
|
Term
| Phenomena of wave propagation formula |
|
Definition
Velocity=Travel Distance/ Travel Time
or
V=X/T |
|
|
Term
| What are other uses of the wave propagation formula |
|
Definition
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