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| Observation, hypothesis, test, theory...not fact |
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| 1 earth is only planet with it, partially moltent zone, plasticy, 100km |
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| liquid molten material, 5000 km |
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| extremely hard, 6000 km, hot as surface of the sun but extreme pressure so is hard |
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| rigid solid body, moves like a plastic and stretches, 1000km |
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| 2 part of mantle & crust upper most mantle crust |
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| basalt, dense rock, black, what errupts out of volcanoes, minerals: plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, 5-10 km thick, 150 my |
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| less dense, boyant makes up continents, granite, lighter in physical occurance, density and color less than oceanic, 20-100 km thick 3.8 by |
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| two most abundant minerals |
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| lithosphere is broken up into plates that slide along on the asthenosphere |
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| moving away generating new plates (volcano, mid ocean ridges) |
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| convergent plate boundary |
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| come otgether (trench) destroys plates subduction zones (aleutian islands) |
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| slide past eachother, neither created or destroyed, san andreas fault, earthquakes but no volcanoes |
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| 5 km thick and grows to 25 km thick creates one continuous volcano chain of them |
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| most active volcanoes...divergent |
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| crust weighs down on the lower lithosphere but rebounds causing erosion |
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| deepest part of Earth, oceanic is more dense so subducts |
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| oceans enable earth to... |
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| have melting and subducting zones |
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| convergent boundaries, parallel to trenches on overriding/host plate |
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| what drives plate techtonics |
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| unknown, convection? push at divergent and pull at convergent |
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| occur at all boundaries, but most dangerous at tpb because shallowest area |
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| proof of tpb and shifting of plates because theres a bend in it |
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| # of plates and rate at which they move |
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| about 20 plates that move continuously at 15 cm /year |
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| reveals plate decent, marks frictional contact and mineral transforms, EQ deepen away from trench...EQ stop below 660km |
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| what happens to old plates as they descend? |
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| unknown...melt at about 150 km deep...lower mantle may be a plate graveyard |
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| offset by transform faults...geometric necessity for a line spreading on a sphere |
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| German who proposed pangea; continents fit together, glacial locations, fossil organisms, rock type placement, structural similarities, paleoclimates preserved in rocks, ridiculed because lack of mechanism for drift |
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| debate of plate techtonics returned in 1950 because... |
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| WWII submarines, ocean floor was not flat |
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| volcanic plumes independent of techtonic plates, mafic magmas from lower mantle, line of sea mounts indicate direction or plates |
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