Term
|
Definition
| German meterologist who first came up with continental drift (that continents are not fixed in location but move around Earth's surface) |
|
|
Term
| Five Proofs for Continental Drift (from Wegener) |
|
Definition
1).Geodetic
2). Geophysical
3). Geological
4). Palaeontological
5). Palaoclimatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use astronomical positioning to directly measure continent movement (GPS)
-Wegener's error was too big to be convincing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gravity shows that continental crus it thicker than oceanic crust
-not a very convincing argument by Wegener |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - different continents show similar mountain belts/rock groups; said that this was bc they were both joined together at one time (like a puzzle) |
|
|
Term
| Paleontological (Wegener) |
|
Definition
| -fossile species are the same from continent to continent bc they were all connected by land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -ancient glaciations "pushed" continents away from each other |
|
|
Term
| Paleontological (Wegener) |
|
Definition
| -fossile species are the same from continent to continent bc they were all connected by land |
|
|
Term
| Why no one believed Wegener (3) |
|
Definition
-paleontologists had their own theory for fossils... they thought that land bridges connected continents and allowed animals to cross
-Wegener's theory for plate movement was truly awful (said it was because of gravity, meteors, other forces)
- German meteorologist from WWII. nuff said. |
|
|
Term
| What New Data Sets helped plate tectonic theory? (seafloor, plate tectonics) (3) |
|
Definition
-transatlantic cables in 1850s revealed underwater mtn. ranges
-WWII needed better seafloor maps
-new numerical dating methods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-magnetism came about on ocean floor when salts from basalts crystallized,
- Earth's magnetic field reversed polarity |
|
|
Term
| -Seafloor Magnetic Anomolies |
|
Definition
| -sea floor is growing outward from axises (magnetic strips from new sea floor growth can be seen near Iceland) |
|
|
Term
| Mid Ocean Ridges showed.... |
|
Definition
| age of seafloor that was growing out of it and being swallowed up at other boundaries |
|
|
Term
| Sea Floor Spreading Hypothesis (Harry Hess, 1962)(2) |
|
Definition
-oceanis crust is created and destroyed; explains how continental drift might occur.
-seafloor gets recycled back into mantle and grows from rising magma. |
|
|
Term
| The upper portion of a plate is.... |
|
Definition
| oceanic or continental crust |
|
|
Term
| the lower portion of a plate is.... |
|
Definition
| the upper mantle at the way bottom, and the lithosphere near the top (crust) |
|
|
Term
| Slab Pull (and subduction) (2) |
|
Definition
-the motion of a plate, where the athenosphere is conducting, the hot magma wants to rise towards the cooler top.
-subduction describes how the cooler, upper plates get pulled down towards the mantle, and this constant "recycling" causes bumping between plates |
|
|
Term
| Plates move an average of (? cm/year) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-divergent
-convergent
-transform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is magma generated? (3) |
|
Definition
-mid-ocean ridges
-ocean-continent subduction zones
-hotspots (Hawaii) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mid-ocean ridges
-ocean-continent convergent (subduction zone)
-continent-continent convergent
-continental rift (Divergence)
-ocean-ocean convergent (subduction zone)
-transform boundaries |
|
|
Term
| -Mid Ocean Ridges (rock types being melted, process doing melting, magma type, and properties) |
|
Definition
-mafic, igneous crust/upper mantle
-decreasing pressure causes partial melting in crust (melts the felsics)
-basaltic magma
-runny, effusive, gentle eruptions |
|
|
Term
| Subduction Zone (rocks melted, process doing melting, magma type) |
|
Definition
-sedimentary, ocean crust, continental rocks
-water lowers melting temperature and heats itself up
-andesite, intermediate, more explosive |
|
|
Term
| Hotspots (rocks melting, magma type) |
|
Definition
-basalt, ocean crust, mantle, mafic igneous.
-shield volcanoes, basaltic
-caused simply by adding heat |
|
|
Term
| Where are eartquakes most frequent? (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -stress is the force applied to the rock, while strain is the deformation of a rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -squeeze and shorten a rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -pushes two sides of a rock in opposite directions (makes a deck of cards slanted like a rhombus) |
|
|
Term
| How do rocks react to stess (3) |
|
Definition
-elastic deformation
-brittle failure
-ductile deformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rock snaps back (like a rubber band) when stress is released; not permanent change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rock deforms permanently and will not snap back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rock deforms permanently by breaking |
|
|
Term
| Difference Bewtween Ductile and Brittle (4) |
|
Definition
-confining pressure/depth: surrounding pressure stop rocks from breaking
-heat: hot rocks more ductile than cold
-lithology: sedimentary rocks are less ductile than igneous/metamorphic
-Stress level: low=ductile, high=brittle |
|
|
Term
| Brittle failure happens at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -result from tension but without relative movement on them; cracks |
|
|
Term
| 3 stresses that cause faults (faults happen at colder brittle surfaces): |
|
Definition
-reverse faulting (compression)
-normal faulting (tension)
-strike-slip faulting (shear)
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -caused when rocks compress towards each other, left side slips down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -caused by the tension, or slipping away of two rocks (right side slips down) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -2 rocks slide back and forth (no diverging or convergoing) |
|
|
Term
| Elastic Rebound Theory produces 3 effects |
|
Definition
-stress with no strain
-stress makes strain/bending (elastic deformation)
-fault breaks; energy released causes earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shock waves caused by the elastic rebound of the rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point inside earth where seismic waves first originate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -point on earth's surface directly above focus |
|
|
Term
| Surface Waves travel across earth's surface like... |
|
Definition
| ripple on a pond, they just expand outward across the surface |
|
|
Term
| Body waves travel through Earth and ... |
|
Definition
| curve because of different densities in Earths crust |
|
|
Term
| Wave speeds are a function of... |
|
Definition
| density (high density is fast, low is slow) |
|
|
Term
| Seismic waves move at a ____ speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary Waves (P Waves)are____ waves and travel like a.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary Waves are ____ waves that travel like a.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Love waves are ___ waves that travel.... |
|
Definition
| surface waves; in a side-to-side motion, causes land to curve like an S |
|
|
Term
| Rayleigh waves are ___ waves that travel.... |
|
Definition
| surface waves; circular motion that produces waves like water; makes "hills" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -measures seismic waves and records them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the record of a seismograph |
|
|
Term
| Chronology of seismic waves (3) |
|
Definition
1) p waves
2) s waves
3) surface waves |
|
|
Term
| the strongest types of seismic waves are.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You can determine the distance from the epicenter by measuring p and s wave.... |
|
Definition
| lag times (times BETWEEN the p and s wave) |
|
|
Term
| ___ earthquake stations are required to determine the position of the earthquake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Richter scale measures... |
|
Definition
| strength of the ground shaking of an earthquake |
|
|
Term
| Moment magniture measures... |
|
Definition
| amount of energy produced by earthquake |
|
|
Term
| Modified Mercalli scale measures... |
|
Definition
| destructiveness of earthquake |
|
|
Term
| Richter Magnitude Scale (created when/by, what it measures, idea) |
|
Definition
-1935, Charles Richter
-based on distance from epicenter and amplitude/strength of waves
-wave aplitude attenuates with distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-preferred over Richter, which would underestimate size of large earthquakes
-measured with seismograms/field data
-proportional to the logarithm of the fault break area |
|
|
Term
| Why is there variability in earthquake hazards? (6) |
|
Definition
-depth of lithosphere
-magnitude
-soft rocks shake harder
-closeness to epicenter
-lots of soft sediment
-shallowness of earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Groud Shaking
-Fires
-Landslides
-Land Movement (tilting or splitting)
-Liquefaction
-Tsunamis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shaking of saturated unconsolidated materials can cause them to liquefy or lose all strength
(SAND, SILT, and CLAY are most susceptible)
-like shaking ones foot and pushing it deeper into the sand |
|
|
Term
| Earthquake mitigation (how do u prevent a huge disaster?) (7) |
|
Definition
-zoning/regulations
-hazard mapping
-engineering
-disaster preparation plan
-community education
-insurance
-by having a stable government w less poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the oldest and longest period in Earths history (4600 bya to 542 mya) |
|
|
Term
| Hadean Era (4600 mya-3850 mya)(3) |
|
Definition
Accretion/differentation period in Earth's history
-formation of the moon
-end marked by the first appearance of sedimentary rocks |
|
|
Term
| Archean Era (3850 mya-2500 mya)(4) |
|
Definition
-first sedimentary rocks (beginning of water/atmosphere induced weathering)
-first microfossils appear 3500 mya
-Don't really know early life origins, but assume that there were cyanobacteria that had oxygen as waste products
-stromalites grow in mats of cyanobacteria that trap fine sediments; produce atmoosphere while the fossilize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Groud Shaking
-Fires
-Landslides
-Land Movement (tilting or splitting)
-Liquefaction
-Tsunamis |
|
|
Term
| Proterozoic Era (2500 mya to 542 mya)(6) |
|
Definition
-continents first start to form
-paleomagnetic reconstruction; minerals form like compass needles that point in the direction where continents originally crystallized on Earth's surface
-stromalites and cyanobacteria still thrive; possible first eurkaryotes
-oxygenation of ocean/atmosphere continues
-sedimentary rocks full of iron (usually banded) form (the iron "rusted: because it did not want to be part of the ocean/atmosphere)
-towards end of era, (Neoproterozoic) first signs of multicellular life |
|
|
Term
| Phanerozoic Eon (3 eras) (542 mya-present) |
|
Definition
-eon of visible life
1) Paleozoic (old life)
2) mESOZOIC (MIDDLE LIFE)
3) Cenozoic (new life) |
|
|
Term
| Cambrian Period (542 mya to 490 mya)(3) |
|
Definition
-first appearance of mullosks, spiders, and all major animal groups
-first animals with hard parts (triliobites)
-Burgess Shale outcrop (preserved today by underwater mudslide; wormy fauna creatures, trilobites, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lots of marine invertebrates (cephlepods, early squids)
- North America covered by inland sea
-subduction zone forms on east coast
-first signs of fish (bony w no jaws)
-end of period=early signs of land fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large evidence of plants and invertebrates on land
-fish become very abundant
-first vascular (can get bigger) plants and tetrapods (amphibians) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stable, warm climate during early period
-formation of pangea/creation of terrestrial environments due to tectonic uplift and increased glaciation
-abundant land plants, forests, and coal deposits
-amphibians take off at this point
-giant insects and various bony fish are abundant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-last period of Paleozoic Era; PERMO-TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTION
-full development of Pangea and Appalachians
-dry climate and extremity of seasons
-evolution of land animals (amphibs and reptiles)
-many coral/shelly ocean creatures |
|
|
Term
| Permo-Triassic Extinction (248 mya) (and 4 possible causes) |
|
Definition
-50% of genuses and about 95% of marine species go extinct
-possible causes include: climate change due to Pangea formation, meteor impact, massive Siberian basaltic volcano eruption causing CO2 emmisions to kill oceans and covering land w lava flow, gas hydrate release |
|
|
Term
| Mesozoic Era (251-65 mya) |
|
Definition
-middle life
-age of dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Pangea begins to slip slightly, subduction of laurasia creates mountains
-recovery from Permo-Triassic extinction took 20-50 mill years
-rise of reptiles, first dinosaurs and mammals (ammonites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-splitting of Pangea reveals Atlantic Ocean
-first feathered animals (archaeopteryx) sea reptiles (icthyosaurus), and dinosaur predators (coelurosaurs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- continents are almost modern day, warm climate w no ice, stable magnetic field
-first flowering plants and pollonators (Bees and butterflies), T Rex, flying reptiles (pterosaurs), birds, and rodent mammals
-ended with Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction 65 mya
- |
|
|
Term
| Cretacous-Tertiary Mass Extinction (65 mya) |
|
Definition
-killed the dinosaurs (large stuff over 20 kg) and ammonites (sea creatures)
-birds, mammals, turtles, alligators, etc remained
-most likely caused by a meteor impact in Yucatan Peninsula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"early dawn of the recent"
-climate cools, glaciers on poles
-mammals start to attract niches
-carnivores, small horses, and real rodents begin to form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dawn of the recent
-most modern mammals exist
-Australia and Antarctica split
-bats, whales, primates, hoofed animals, elephants, dog, cat, and weasel families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-but a little recent
-many eocene mammals go extinct
-diversification of deer, pigs, carnivores (sabertooth) monkeys
-severe cooling
-Savanna replaces moist forests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-moderately recent
-development and spread of herbaceous plants
-modernization of frogs, rodents, snakes, birds
-evolution of bears and hyenas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-more recent
-severe sea level fall at end of epoch
-warm global climate
-development of hominids (early humans, Lucy and Ardi) start around 7 mya) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most recent
-ice ages; extensive continental glaciations
-lots of terrestrial megafauna (mammoths, giant sloths, etc.) and homo sapien early forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of forming mountain belts, esp. fold and thrust belts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a linear or arcuate belt of deformed rocks, in many places accompained by metamorphic and plutonic rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region of rock moved from one area to another through plate motions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| around 1 bya, Laurentia and Amazonia collide to form Rhodinia; sediment upheaval/igneous activity produces orogen |
|
|
Term
| Proterozoic Grenville Orogeny |
|
Definition
| Eastern N.America was pressed against Amazonia for about 350 myears; extended entire length of continent |
|
|
Term
| Erosion of Grenville Mtns. |
|
Definition
-originally as big as the Himalayas, the Grenville mts. were really big, but huge mtn. ranges dont stick around forever
-eroded over a period of hundreds of millions of years to a series of highly deformed roots that we see now (Adirondacks) |
|
|
Term
| Where are Grenville Rocks in New England? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -after 300 myears of staying together, at 700 mya Rodinia begins to rift and seperates Laurentia from the other continents; opens Iapetus Ocean |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a subduction zone forms in Iaepatus Ocean (between Laurentia and Amazonia) and a mid ocean ridge forms new crust that causes the formation of an island arc (what today is the E. Coast of America/Massachussets) that gets pushed towards Laurentia.... attaches during late Ordivician period (450 mya) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -more little chunks of continental crust (Baltica and Avalonia) collide with the "new" east coast (the Taconic island); formation of Northern Appalachians |
|
|
Term
| Avalon Terrane is what nowadays? |
|
Definition
| Eastern MA and Rhode Island (purgatory chasm too) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -at 360 mya, Iaputus Ocean begins to close up, and Africa begins to collide with Laurentia at 325 mya; create Appalachians |
|
|
Term
| Pangea formed during the _____ Orogeny, around 306 mya |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rifting of Africa and Laurentia begins during Triassic Period, and around 170 the ______ opens up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Importance of Weathering (5) |
|
Definition
-makes sedimentary rocks
-forms clay minterals
-makes erosion possible
-affects global chemical cycles
-feedbacks with biological processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -weathering removes nutrients/minerals from rocks to be used by vegetation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dissolving/alteration;mineral switching/other chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
change one mineral to another
(alteration of feldspars produces almost all clay minerals; needs slightly acidic water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reaction of water with CO2 in atmosphere and soil; chemically weathers silicates |
|
|
Term
| Most stable minerals are... |
|
Definition
| the products of chemical weathering themselves (clays and oxides) |
|
|
Term
| Dissolution of Carbonates |
|
Definition
| add acidified water to dissolve carbonates (forms caves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dissolution of Evaporates |
|
Definition
-minerals, like gypsum and halite, that precipitate out of water
-dissolve when theyre presented with water
-this produces salty waters like Dead Sea or Salt Lake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical weathering where iron-containing minerals dissolve with oxygen (usually in water) |
|
|
Term
| Types of physical weathering (5) |
|
Definition
-frost wedging, frozen water gets in cracks and expands and breaks rocks
-plant roots forcing cracks wide below the surface
-salt wedging
-fire-induced cracking (rocks are bad conductors of heat)
- clay mineral expansion (clay minerals puff up and shrink w addition of water; repetition of this causes breakage) |
|
|
Term
| The more vegetation, the more ___ weathering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-soolutes (nutrients)
-clay particles
-clastic sediment
-sedminetary rocks
-sands and soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a series of waves generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways to stimulate a tsunami |
|
Definition
-earthquake
-volcanic eruption
-landslide
-meteor |
|
|
Term
| Most tsunamis occur at... |
|
Definition
| subduction plate boundaries |
|
|
Term
| Elastic deformation of tsunamis... |
|
Definition
| snaps back and instuntateously makes the waves |
|
|
Term
| transform boundaries and mid ocean ridges cant produce tsunamis because.. |
|
Definition
| transform faults have a back and forth sliding; mid ocena ridges can't snap back to produce the upward thrust of water |
|
|
Term
| Earthquake boundaries usually need above a ___ on the moment magnitude scale to make a tsunami |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tsunamis move in a ____ direction |
|
Definition
| radial, like a ripple and have several waves like a ripple too |
|
|
Term
| Energy of waves/oscillations decays with _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the water gets shallower, wind-generated waves ____, and its height ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| velocity equation for waves |
|
Definition
v=(square root of)gD
(g= 9.8 m/s^2; acceleration of gravity constant
D= depth (m)
v=velocity |
|
|
Term
| Tsunamis have a wavelength of about ____, while wind powered waves have an average of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes that move water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water moves from one resovoir to another |
|
|
Term
| more precipitation over ___ than ___ because of surface runoff |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do rivers complete the hydrologic cycle? |
|
Definition
| by balancing out precipitation levels between land and ocean |
|
|
Term
| Rivers are one of the ____ forms of water on earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rivers transport water at a ___ velocity to oceans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Importance of Rivers to Geomorphology (3) |
|
Definition
-transport sediments (help create sed rox)
-contribute to weathering and reosion and shape of landscape
-finish the hydrologic cycle |
|
|
Term
| Social/Economic Importance of Rivers (9) |
|
Definition
-transportation agent (boats)
-water source
-hydroelectric power
-food source (fish)
-recreation
-waste water disposal
-agricultureal soil from floodplains
-flood hazard
-aesthetics, muse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| running water moving through a channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any area where smaller sources of water, like streams brooks, etc, drain into a bigger river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny channels in hills where channeling of river begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the normal sized channel of a river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water going into main river through small "branches" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point where tributaries and big river meet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where river empties into a large body of water (ocean) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the splitting up of water at the mouth of a river (example=deltas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the different kinds of speeds/methods to bring water into rivers |
|
|
Term
| fast river flows are the resuilt of... |
|
Definition
| overland flow from heavy rain that gruond cannot absorb all of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soil flow that brings water into river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level where water can no longer be absorbed by the land (level above the unabsorbed soil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the volume of water per unit time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Q=V * A (velocity times area); answer= ft^3/s |
|
|
Term
| the velocity of a river gets slower near banks because of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aren't able to detach rocks from land that well
-steep
-transport coarse sediment
-sediment is easily moved (less sediment than water to move) |
|
|
Term
| bedrock rivers are often a series of ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drainage patterns of rivers are determined by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -fan-like, tree like river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rivers that come down from a cone shaped mountian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water flows through joints on surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water flows through folds on surface (drainage patters help indicate the geology below the channel) |
|
|
Term
| Rivers will erode/deposit sediment depending on 2 things: |
|
Definition
1) how fast it is (velocity)
2) how much water there is (discharge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow in a channel made out of sediment (they are TRANSPORT LIMITED bc there is s much sediment and not enough water) |
|
|
Term
| ALluvial rivers _____ sediments, which often creates ______ because of the instablity of the sediment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bedrock rivers tend to be STRAIGHT bc.... |
|
Definition
| they are streamlined by the bedrock that they aren't able to erode through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alluvial rivers with multiple channels that are always changing depending on the deposition of the sediments |
|
|
Term
| Lack of vegitation in alluvial rivers because... |
|
Definition
| sediment motion is constant and doesn't allow plants to grow/seeds to settle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fine sediment tat can be carried in water flow |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| big chunks of sediment that get rolled/dragged along the bottom of a river |
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Term
| More discharge --> _____ sediment |
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Definition
| more (because its faster and has more force) |
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Term
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Definition
| slowdown in velocity; discharge causes sediments to deposit |
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Term
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Definition
| abandoned floodplain that formed when a river flowed at a higher level than it does today (depositional=bedrock, erosional=river sediment) |
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Term
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Definition
| when sediments dont make it to the sea because the flow isnt confine/able to spread out when a river leaves a narrow canyon and enter a flat plain |
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Term
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Definition
| when discharge is high enough that water overtops the banks and flows out into floodplain |
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Term
| 100 year flood = ____% chance that a floood will happen in a year |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
P=m/(N+1)
(P=probablitiy that an anticipated flow will be exceeded, m=rank of flood, N=recrd/number of years) |
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Term
| RECURRENCE INTERVAL EQUATION |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a ridge of coarse material that confines a stream within its banks between floods, even when water levels are high |
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Term
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Definition
| the erosive action that occurs when suspended and moving sediment particles move along the bottm and sides of a stream channel |
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Term
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Definition
| curved sandbars that are deposited along the insnide banks of rivers where the current is slower |
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Term
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Definition
| are of land in between two divdes where water funnels (i.e. a ravine between a valley) |
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Term
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Definition
| a ridge that forms on either side of a river that slants downwards towards the channel (the rain runs down these divides into the river); can either be 1 foot or 1000000 feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| when floating pieces of crust are attached/accretted to continents during plate motions |
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Term
| Passive margin vs. active margin |
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Definition
| an area on earths surface far away from tectonic activty vs. an area near a plate boundary/activity; earthquakes, volcanoes, and faults happen at these places |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that upfold into arches |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that downfold into troughs |
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Term
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Definition
| hematite + dissolved silica |
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Term
| Carbon dioxide + water --> |
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Definition
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Term
| feldspar + water + carbonic acid --> |
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Definition
| dissolved kaolinite + dissolved silica + dissolve potassium + dissolved carbonate |
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Term
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Definition
| physical weathering process where large sheets of rock are detached from an outcrop (looks like layers of an onion/stairs) |
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