Term
soft, scratches easily with a fingernail
feels smooth, soapy
can be several colors including blue and pink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
soft, but does not feel as smooth as talc
feels friction-ey, like fingernails on a chalkboard when scratched
usually white |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
white
very soft
otherwise unremarkable
feels like chalk |
|
Definition
kaolinite
color
hardness
feel |
|
|
Term
fizzes with HCl
rhombahedral
looks like squashed cube |
|
Definition
calcite
special property
cleavage
look |
|
|
Term
cubic
usually white
tastes salty
can be scratched with a penny |
|
Definition
halite
cleavage
color
taste
hardness |
|
|
Term
fractures conchoidally
often grows as 6-sided columnar crystals
pointed ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
grows as rounded
often 12-sided crystals
fractures conchoidally
usually dark red to brown
can't be scratched |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
green
glassy
mineral samples are often sugary-looking masses of small green crystals
in igneous rocks, will look like green glass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
usually pink
2 cleavage planes at ~90 deg from each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
milky white, blocky, shiny
2 cleavage planes @ 120 and 60 deg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dark colored (black or greenish black)
blocky crystals
matte finish
2 cleavage planes at 90 deg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
silvery-grey
writes easily on paper
streaks black, grey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
streaks red
can either be red or silvery-grey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
magnetic
usually black
feels very dense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
silver
cubic
feels very sense
streaks black |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
brassy cubes or prisms with striated crystal surfaces
feels dense
streaks black |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
yellow
crumbly
smells like rotten eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
flaky
very shiny
translucent greenish sheets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
volcanic glass
no minerals because no crystal structure
same elemental composition as felsic and intermediate rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ rocks are fine-grained because they cool quickly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ rocks are coarse-grained because they cool slowly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ texture implies a more complex cooling history |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ rocks are usually associated with explosive volcanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abundant
readily preserved as fossils
identifiable with a specific short interval of geologic time |
|
|
Term
| conditions that promote fossilization |
|
Definition
low energy environment of deposition
fine-grained sediment
rapid burial
possession of hard parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 kinds of fossils with alteration |
|
Definition
replacement
permineralization
compression
mold
cast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bilateral symmetry between the two valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bilateral symmetry across the two valves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sized and shaped like a rice grain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| commonly tube or fan shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| triangular teeth varying in size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
growth rings or bundles of tissue
atom by atom replacement and now composed of quartz, sio2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fossilized ___ now composed of quartz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2D coil in horizontal plane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
both intrusive and extrusive
intermediate
hornblende, Na-Plag, Plag-feld |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
intrusive
felsic
quartz, biotite, k-feldspar, hornblende, Na-plag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
extrustive
felsic
no mineral composition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
intrusive
mafic
coarse-grained
augite, Ca-plag, olivine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
intrusive
felsic
quartz, biotite, k-feld, hornblende, na-plag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
intrusive
ultramafic
olivine, augite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
extrusive
mafic
olivine, augite, ca-plag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
extrusive
mafic
fine-grained
olivine, augite, ca-plag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
extrusive
felsic
muscovite, na-plag, hornblende, quartz, k-feld |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: shale, siltstone
foliated
slaty texture
lowest grade
major minerals: clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: peridotite
non-foliated
low grade
major minerals: serpentine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: graywacke, basalt
foliated
schistose texture
medium grade
major minerals: hornblende, augite, garnet, pyroxene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: granite
foliated
gneissic texture
highest grade
major minerals: garnet, pryoxene, quartz, feldspar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: shale, siltstone
foliated
slaty texture
low grade
major minerals: mica clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: shale
foliated
schistose texture
medium grade
major minerals: mica, garnet, staurolite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: quartz sandstone
non-foliated
medium grade
major minerals: quartz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parent rock: limestone, dolomite
non-foliated
medium grade
major minerals: calcite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
180 deg cleavage
flaky
opaque
black
vitreous luster |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fizzes with HCl acid
colorless white
vitreous
rhombahedral ceavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6 sided prisms
concoidal fractures
framework silicate
usually colorless and transparent
vitreous
very hard
no cleavage planes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
salmon pink
wavy internal pattern
very hard
usually two clean 90 deg cleavage planes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fools gold
brassy
metallic luster
poor cleavage but pyritohedrons with 5 sided faces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
record groove striations on cleavage faces
hard
vitreous luster
two 90 deg cleavage planes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bright yellow
distinct smell
resinous luster
no cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
writes like chalk
white
earthy/resinous luster |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cubic cleavage
colorless transparent
vitreous to greasy
salty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
magnetic
black
metallic
no cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
120 and 60 deg cleavage planes
black
amphibole
vitreous luster
ferromagnesian silicate
too hard to streak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
greenish black
vitreous luster
two 90 deg cleavage planes
ferromagnesian silicate
too hard to streak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dense and heavy
metallic luster
shiny silver
cubic cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
brownish/red-orange color normally but can be dark grey
rough iron oxide mineral
earthy luster
red orange streak
no cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
semitransparent white
clear plates
vitreous-pearly luster
sword-like shape
one direction cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dodecahedral (12 sided)
no cleavage
dark brown0red mostly or brown-green
vitreous to resinous luster
too hard to streak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
writes like a pencil
silver-gray metallic luster
one direction cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
flaky, transparent colorless to pale green
vitreous to pearly luster
180 degree cleavage
thin sheets or "books"
normally too flaky to streak, if not then colorless streak |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
soapy greasy feel
pearly luster
white to pale green or reddish
one chief direction cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
olive green color
concoidal fracture
too hard to streak
vitreous luster
no cleavage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
non-clastic
coastal marine environment
composed of gypsum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clastic
-coarse grained
-high energy env
-poor sorting
-well-rounded
stream bed with steep slope environment
composed of clasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clastic
-very fine-grained
-very low energy env
-good sorting
-well rounded
lake env
composed of orthoclase feldspar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clastic
-very fine-grained
-very low energy env
-good sorting
-well-rounded
river near shore environment
composed of silts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clastic and non-clastic (bioclastic)
-medium grained
-medium energy env
-poor sorting
-angular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clastic
-fine grained
-low energy environment
-good sorting
-angular
composed of orthoclase (k feld) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clastic
-fine-grained
-low energy env
-good sorting
-well-rounded
composed of quartz
beach env |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
non-clastic
swamp env
composed of complex organic molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
non-clastic
lagoon env
composed of calcite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
non-clastic
composed of quartz
deep ocean env |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clastic
-coarse-grained
-high energy env
-poor sorting
-angular
land slide env
composed of clasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
non-clastic
coastal marine env
composed of halite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for which one of the following minerals is its green color a diagnostic characteristic?
not olivine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
among the following, which mineral pair exhibits conchoidial fracture
calcite and hematite
quartz and gypsum
olivine and quartz
pyrite and halite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is the densest
galena
biotite
graphite
quartz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what characteristic enables easy identification of staurolite, a metamorphic mineral? |
|
Definition
| twinning (intergrowth of two crystals) |
|
|
Term
| how would you distinguish between plagioclase feldspar and orthoclase (k feld)? |
|
Definition
plagioclase - striations on cleavage faces
orthoclase - internal wavy banding |
|
|
Term
all but one of these statements about minerals are correct except 1
olivine does not leave a streak on a porcelain plate
clacite has rhombohedral cleavage
magnetite is magnetic
halite fizzes with application of HCl |
|
Definition
| halite does NOT fizz with HCl |
|
|
Term
which mineral does not have a metallic luster
talc
galena
pyrite
graphite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following minerals is not a native chemical element?
diamond
chlorite
graphite
sulfur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following substances is not a mineral
snowflake
native gold
coal
diamond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dark colored, dense minerals, such as hornblende, augite, and olivine are said to be ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of vesicular texture in igneous rocks? |
|
Definition
| steam expanding in liquid lava, forming bubbles |
|
|
Term
which of the following is true
olivine is the most stable ferromagnesian mineral at high temperature
quartz has the most complex atomic structure
the complexity of mineral structures of crystallizing minerals decreases as the magma cools
both A and B but not C are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f olivine is the most stable ferromagnesian mineral at high temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f quartz has the most complex atomic structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f the complexity of mineral structures of crystallizing minerals decreases as the magma cools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which statement is correct
magma with abundant silica crystallizes at the highest temp
olivine crystallizes last, at the lowest temp
quartz is the most stable mineral at the earths surface
all of the above are correct |
|
Definition
| quartz is the most stable mineral at the earth's surface |
|
|
Term
| t/f magma with abundant silica crystallizes at the highest temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f olivine crystallizes last, at the lowest temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t/f quartz is the most stable mineral at earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rapidly chilled magma of gabbro composition forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
both gabbro and peridotite are::
intrusive rocks
extrusive rocks
rich in mafic minerals
A and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| magma can result by melting ___ |
|
Definition
| any rock can be melted to make magma |
|
|
Term
| an igneous rock composed chiefly of olivine and augite (pyroxene) is said to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rhyolite
is composed chiefly of felsic minerals
is an extrusive igneous rock
crystallizes deep underground
A and B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the basis to classify igneous rocks? |
|
Definition
| texture and mineral composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large crystal in an igneous rock, set in a matrix of finer crystals |
|
|
Term
| what is the most likely explanation if sandstone fizzes with application of HCl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sediment that was deposited in a high-energy environment would likely be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which one of the following is not a chemical or biochemical rock?
dolomite
chert
limestone
shale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sequence of events produces a clastic sedimentary rock of transport, weathering/erosion, diagenesis, deposition? |
|
Definition
| weathering/erosion, transport, deposition, diagenesis |
|
|
Term
| chert is composed primarily of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which one of the following minerals is most likely to be found in a very mature clastic sedimentary rock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
clasts in an immature sedimentary tock are
of angular shape
well sorted
poorly sorted
A and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which one of these sedimentary rocks was most likely deposited in a high-energy environment?
coarse-grained conglomerate
siltstone
halite
fine-grained sandstone |
|
Definition
| coarse-grained conglomerate |
|
|
Term
| clastic sedimentary rocks characteristically consist of |
|
Definition
| transported particles and cement |
|
|
Term
of the following sedimentary environments, where would limestone typically be deposited?
alluvial fan
stream channel
shallow marine
swamp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metamorphism that affects a very large area and involves all of high temperature, high pressure and shear stress is called ______ metamorphism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
metamorphism can cause all but one of the following textural changes to occur except 1.
crystals grow in size
minerals become segregated into layers of different compositions
crystals become smaller as the H2O content of the rock increases
crystal shapes become distorted |
|
Definition
| crystals become smaller as the H2O content of the rock increases |
|
|
Term
which is the correct sequence going from lower to higher grade of metamorphism of mud rock?
gneiss; schist; phyllite; slate |
|
Definition
| slate>phyllite>schist>gneiss |
|
|
Term
among the following, the most likely parent rock of amphibolite is
limestone
basalt
obsidian
quartz sandstone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when heat and fluids escape from an intruding batholith and metamorphose the adjacent tock, the style of metamorphism is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all but one of the following metamorphic rocks are foliated except 1.
schist
phyllite
quartzite
amphibolite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during extremely high-grade metamorphism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what factors govern the mineral assemblages produced by metamorphism?
chemical composition of the parent rock
changes in bulk composition of the rock
intensity of metamorphism (pressure and temp)
both A and C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
among the following, a typical parent rock of marble is
shale
limestone
quartz sandstone
coal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
all but one of the following are examples of metamorphic index minerals except
mica
garnet
calcite
staurolite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| petrified wood is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the law of crosscutting relationships states that |
|
Definition
| faults and igneous intrusions must be younger than the rocks they cut |
|
|
Term
| why are jellyfish fossils so rare |
|
Definition
| soft-bodied organisms are rarely preserved |
|
|
Term
| humans exhibit what kind of fossil symmetry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after eating a large meal, an early cenozoic bird pooped. its poop was preserved as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was the largest mass extinction |
|
Definition
| end of the permian period |
|
|
Term
index fossils share all but one of the following characteristics except 1
abundant
highly restricted to just one geographical area
readily preserved as fossils
identifiable with a specific short interval of geologic time |
|
Definition
| highly restricted to just one geographical area |
|
|
Term
| in an undisturbed sequence, older strata lie beneath younger strata. this states the law or principle of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
after an ammonite died and its soft tissue rotted, its shell was buried in sediment, all but one of the following are possible ways the ammonite could become a fossil except 1.
preservation of original shell material
making a mold
process of per mineralization
process of regional metamorphism |
|
Definition
| process of regional metamorphism |
|
|
