Term
| _____ ________: the oldest layer is on the bottom, youngest layer on the top |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ___________: layers are initially deposited in flat, horizontal layers. if they are not horizontal, something happened |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ __________: layers are deposited as continuous units that gradually pinch out over time. fi they are cut off abruptly, something happened... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ _________: the unit that "does the cutting" is younger than the unit "being cut" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ __ __________: the inclusions had to solidify/form first in order to be suspended in another layer. the inclusion is older than the layer that it is included in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an _________ is an erosional surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an unconformity represents _______ ____ in the geologic record and is symbolized with a squiggly line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are three types of unconformities: _______________, _______ ______________, and _______________ |
|
Definition
| disconformities, angular unconformities, and nonconformities |
|
|
Term
| _____________: an erosional surface that is parallel to the layers above and below it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________: the erosional surface that occurs on top of an igneous or metamorphic rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _____________: the layers underneath the unconformity touch the erosional surface at an angle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in an angular unconformity, the layers beneath the unconformity are no longer horizontal while the layers above are. the unconformity represents the _________ ________ between the two |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ____: a non definite age of a rock, layer, or formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in relative aging, there is a comparison between layers that uses knowledge of ________ ____ and ___ _____ ____ to determine what is older and younger |
|
Definition
| geologic laws and how rock form |
|
|
Term
| certain fossils are only found during certain time periods. they are known as "_____ _______" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| index fossils tell geologists the _______ ___ of a rock or layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ____: uses isotopic dating to determine the actual age of a rock or later |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absolute ages uses _______ rocks that contain unaltered minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ ____: time it takes for half of the parent to decay into the daughter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ __________: a flat picture or image of Earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___: a flat representation of Earth's surface showing horizontal positions of feature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___: a flat representation of Earth's surface showing horizontal positions of features plus elevations of the landscape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______-___-_____ ____: the grid is made of E-W township strips of land (columns of land) surveyed relative to a principal meridian (N-S line) and its base line (E-W line) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| township strips are _ miles high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a township contains __ sections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| range strips of land are _ miles wide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each intersection of a township strip of land with a range strip of land forms a square called a ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each section of a township is 1 square mile, called a _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________: causes shortening and reverse faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______: causes lengthening and normal faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____: causes tearing and offset along strike-slip faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ___________: stress exceeds elastic limit (strength) of rock. this occurs when rocks break |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ___________: stress exceeds elastic limit (strength) of rock. rock bends and stretches rather than breaks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ___________: stress is applied gradually. change is recoverable, the way that a rubber band will return to original dimensions after stretching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at shallow depths, rock exhibit brittle fracture. during compression, this causes _______ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at shallow depths, rock exhibit brittle fracture. during tension, this causes ______ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at shallow depths, rock exhibit brittle fracture. during shear, this causes ______-____ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at greater depths, rocks deform by ductile flow. during compression, this causes _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at greater depths, rocks deform by ductile flow. during tension, this causes __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at greater depths, rocks deform by ductile flow. during shear, this causes ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the azimuth of a horizontal line in a plane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the maximum angle of inclination of the plane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________: limbs dip away from axial plane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________: limbs dip toward the axial plane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _________: this anticline plunges toward the "nose" of the fold (closed part of the "U" shaped contacts) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a plunging anticline, when the hinge line is not horizontal, a fold is said to be ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ________: this syncline plunges away from the "nose" of the fold (closed part of the "U" shaped contacts) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a plunging syncline, when the hinge line is not horizontal, a fold is said to be ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ____ is similar to an anticline and results from upwarping of the crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a __________ _____ is similar to a syncline and results from downwarping of the crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______: just fractures in rock, do not have displacement along them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| joints can be caused by _________, _________, or ________/____________ |
|
Definition
| tectonics, unloading, or expansion/contraction |
|
|
Term
| ______: fractures in rock that do have movement/displacement along them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are three basic kinds of faults: ______, _______, ______-____ |
|
Definition
| normal, reverse, strike-slip |
|
|
Term
| ________ is the block that you would walk along if it were a tunnel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ____ is the block that you could hang your lantern on if you were a miner in the tunnel along the fault surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a normal fault, the hanging wall moves ____ relative to the footwall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a normal fault is indicative of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a reverse fault, the hanging wall moves __ relative to the footwall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a reverse fault is indicative of ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low angle reverse faults are called ______ ______, due to the thrusting of older rock on top of younger rock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a strike-slip fault, dominant displacement is __________ and ________ to the strike of the fault surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strike-slip faults are indicative of ____ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ________ ___ shows the distributions of different rock types/ages at the earth's surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ________ _____-_______ shows the distributions of different rock types/ages in a vertical slice of the earth's crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cross-sections allow us to see the relationship between ____ _____ at depth, including structures such as folds and faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ______ of a geologic map shows us the different geologic units that are present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _______ __ ________ on a geologic map (outcrop pattern) depends on both the orientation of the strata (strike and dip) and the topography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where strata are horizontal (strike is undefined and dip is zero), contacts will follow _______ _____, because topographic contours also show where a horizontal plane (of a given elevation) intersects the land surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where strata are vertical (dip is 90 degrees) contacts will form _______ _____ that are not affected by topography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where strata dip at some angle other than 0 or 90, the relationship of contacts to topography varies based on the _____ of dip and _________ of dip relative to the slope of the land surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| folds with horizontal hinge lines have ________ sets of contacts and __________ of rock units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and __________ ______ appear in map view as concentric rings of formations |
|
Definition
| domes and structural basins |
|
|
Term
| plunging folds cause _ shaped contacts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an __________ is the term used to describe both the sudden movement of a fault and the resulting ground/shaking/seismic energy caused by the activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ _____: a feature on the surface of the earth that looks like a step and is caused by slip on a fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ _____: the intersection of a fault with the ground surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________: the point on earth's surface that is located directly above the focus. you need 3 points to locate this which is done using a process called triangulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____: the point within the earth that the earthquake starts. also known as a hypocenter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are three types of seismic waves: _-_____, _-_____, and _______ _____ |
|
Definition
| p-waves, s-waves, and surface waves |
|
|
Term
| ______: primary waves (aka sound waves), compressional waves, fastest moving and therefore the first to be detected by seismographs, can move through all substances (solids, liquids, and gases) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______: secondary or shear waves, move perpendicular to the overall direction of wave progression, slower than P-waves and therefore the second wave that is detected by seismographs, can not go through liquids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the difference in time between the arrival of the P-waves and the arrival of the S-waves increases, so does the distance from the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ______ occur when P or S waves come in contact with the surface of the earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ waves are the slowest and _______ are the fastest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ waves are the waves that cause destruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an earthquake ______ is anything associated with an earthquake that may affect the normal activities of people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, tsunami, etc are examples of an __________ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an earthquake ____ is the probable building damage and number of people expected to be hurt or killed by the events triggered by the earthquake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the size of the earthquake measures by a seismograph (richter or moment magnitude scale) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ describes the severity of the earthquake in terms of its effect on the earth's surface, on humans, and on human structures (modified mercalli scale) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _______ collect water and sediment throughout a drainage basin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____ _____ ______ transports the collected water and sediment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ _______ discharge the water and sediment at the stream's base level (the lowest level to which the stream flows) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distributary streams form ______ where a stream flows into a lake or the sea and form ________ ____ at the mouths of mountainous canyons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ________ and __________: flow paths are perpendicular to contours. contours form "Vs" that point upstream when they cross stream valleys |
|
Definition
| drainage patterns and topography |
|
|
Term
| ______ ______ are used to describe the relationship of a stream to the total stream system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ _________ is the volume of water flowing by a particular point during a specified unit of time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ________ are often related to the underlying geology of a region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drainage systems that develop on very gently sloping, flat surfaces made of very uniform material tend to form _________ ________ ________ |
|
Definition
| dendritic drainage patterns |
|
|
Term
| drainage systems developed on moderately or steeply sloping, flat surfaces made of very uniform material tend to form ________ ________ ________ |
|
Definition
| parallel drainage patterns |
|
|
Term
| drainage systems that develop around a centrally uplifted area tend to form ______ ________ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drainage systems that develop in areas of alternating weak and resistant bedrock tend to form _______ ________ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ _______ have sinuosity greater than 1.5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ _______ have a sinuosity of less than 1.3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ _______ are between 1.5 and 1.3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ _______: streams will naturally develop a smoothed out concave up profile over time |
|
Definition
|
|
