Term
Mafic rocks are enriched in magnesium and iron can be easily remembered because Mafic =
magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe). With this in mind, Felsic rocks are rich in quartz which is silicon dioxide and
what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do all magmas create dominantly silicate minerals upon cooling? |
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Definition
| Si and O are the least abundant elements in the magma. |
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Term
| Which volcano is the shield volcano and which is the composite volcano? |
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Definition
| Mt. Rainier is a composite volcano and Hawaii is a shield volcano |
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Term
| Rocks that solidify from lava flows are typically finer grained than those that crystallize intrusively. Why? |
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Definition
| Rocks formed from lava flows cool relatively more rapidly than rocks formed from intrusive magmas. |
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Term
| What composition magma is beneath the Mt. St. Helens volcano, and why? |
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Definition
| felsic – very sticky magma makes for explosive eruptions |
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Term
| Fine grained airborne rocks emitted by a volcano are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| A black, glass-like igneous rock which cools quickly preventing crystals to form is |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral has the lowest silicone to oxygen ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| Residents at the base of which one of the following would face the greatest danger of a pyroclastic flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hollow cavities formed by gas bubbles trapped during the cooling of an igneous rock are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important factor affecting the texture of an igneous rock is |
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Definition
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Term
| What defines a Granite from a Diorite? |
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Definition
| Granite have Quartz and K Feldspar and Diorite does not |
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Term
| What famous volcano erupted and buried the city of Pompeii in 79AD? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is |
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Definition
| Chemical composition of the magma or lava |
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Term
| Which of the following is the likely cause of a vesicular texture (open cavities in a rock)? |
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Definition
| Each vesicle is filled by air or water when the rock solidified. |
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Term
| Which two minerals are characteristic of lower crystallization temperatures, and are absent in basalt and gabbro? |
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Definition
| Potassium feldspar and quartz |
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Term
| What is "magmatic differentiation"? |
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Definition
| The process by which the same magma may produce different composition igneous rocks. |
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Term
| What famous volcano erupted in Western Washington State in 1980? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the parent material of all igneous rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence in the formation of a sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
| weathering, erosion, deposition, lithification |
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Term
| When a body of seawater evaporates, minerals precipitate in a certain order. What determines this order? |
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Definition
| mineral solubility – less soluble minerals precipitate first, more soluble minerals precipitate later |
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Term
| Closely-spaced planar surfaces along which rocks split into thin, tabular slabs when hit with a hammer |
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Definition
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Term
| Shiny, planar alignment of mica to form a foliation |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Calcite, feldspar, and iron oxide are the most common cements. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: The combined effects of mass wasting and running water produce stream valleys. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the slow movement of soil and regolith caused by expansion and contraction of material? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the jumping or skipping of sediment along the stream bed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes a stream to deposit its load, and what type of load is deposited first, and which is last? |
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Definition
| Slowing down, causing a decrease in flow energy, depositing the bed load first and the suspended load last. |
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Term
| What is the massive deposition of load a the major break in a slope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the crescent shaped deposit of sand and gravel on the inside of a stream channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| A movement of fairly coherent material along a well defined surface is called a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Heavy rainfall that erode volcanic deposits often produce this type of mass wasting: |
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Definition
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Term
| A slope built of angular rock fragments are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relatively rapid movement of water rich soil and regolith found primarily in semiarid regions? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Mass wasting processes are confined to the land. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the uppermost part of the stream system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main reason why mass wasting occur in nature? |
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Definition
| Mass wasting takes unstable situations and stabilize them. |
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Term
| What is the "lip" on the edge of stream channels that slope gently away from the channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the flat area on each side of a stream channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the natural seperation of similarly sized particles during deposition within streams? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F During a slump, movement of the material is along flat surfaces. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: the top elevation of rivers, lakes, and streams are wet regions that show where the watertable has risen above the land surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the icicle like pendants of dripstone hanging from the ceilings of karstic caves |
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Definition
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Term
| The drop in the watertable around a pumping well is called a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Ice derrp within a glacier exhibit what behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Kettle ponds formed when: |
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Definition
| blocks of ice melted and left depressions where the ice had been. |
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Term
| What is an apron of sediment composed of many coalesced smaller cones of debris at the base of mountains that feature canyons |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dunes are formed along coasts where vegetation partially covers the sands, and there are strong onshore winds and abundant sand. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dunes are the largest forms of dunes and form in symmetrical ridges parallel to the prevailing wind direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| An extensive blanket of silt that was once carried in suspension by wind is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The Atacama desert is located in what continent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general path a particle of water on the surface of the ocean takes as a wave passes by? |
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Definition
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Term
| If waves hit a coast at an oblique angle, then what is produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms occur during "coastal straightening"? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Barrier Islands are common in what types of coasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| A glacial valley drowned by a rising sea level is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| A surface layer of closely packed pebbles is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| A spit forms as a result of a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Marine terraces are commonly formed in what types of coasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much has the sea-level risen in the last 15,000 years? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an intermittently wet lake formed in a closed basin in deserts |
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Definition
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Term
| Which dunes form where sands is available in limited supplies, and have a crescent shape and their "horns" point away from the most common direction of the wind? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of the thick loess deposits in the Nachez area of Louisiana? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the "elastic rebound" theory of earthquakes? |
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Definition
| As an earthquake occurs, the elastically deformed rocks along the fault gently glide back to their original shape as much as possible |
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Term
| What are linear downfolded structures with the youngest strata in the center are: |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fault is the San Andreas fault? |
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Definition
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Term
An earthquake’s source of energy is located at the _____________, but the location at the land surface above that
point is called the ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Benioff Zones are associated with: |
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Definition
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Term
| Most earthquakes at divergent plate boundaries are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Strike-slip faults generally move in what direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Linear upfolded structures with the oldest strata in the center are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| A graben is bounded on both sides by what kind of faults? |
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Definition
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