Term
|
Definition
| Small earthquakes that often precede major earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller earthquakes that follow main earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Along faults where differential stresses have ruptured Earth's crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Earth's plates are continually moving and interacting with neighboring plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 plates move together, oceanic lithosphere descends beneath an overriding plate to be reabsorbed into the mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 plates move apart, upwelling of hot material from mantle creating new seafloor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 plates grind past each other without production or destruction of lithosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active seismic area in subduction zone, differential motion produces deep-seated earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in interior of tectonic plate, very rare but much damage |
|
|
Term
| Earthquake Causes Damage By |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors of Nature from Earthquakes |
|
Definition
| Liquefaction, Landslides, Fire, Floods, Avalanches, Tsunamis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mercalli Scale, Subjective destruction/observations in populated areas, Not accurate for comparison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Richter Scale, Records seismic waves, Assigns number 1-10 for comparison, Can be used in any part of the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unstable slope causing dirt/mud/rocks to move down incline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unstable slope causing snow to move down incline |
|
|
Term
| Are animals good predictors for earthquakes? |
|
Definition
| No. There is studies that suggest they can sense p-waves before s-waves, but those only occur seconds apart from each other. |
|
|
Term
| Preventing Damage & Injury During Earthquake |
|
Definition
| Safe Building Practices, Reinforced Steel Structures, Building on bedrock instead of soft rock, Evacuations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Landforms
Vertical Structures
Horizontal Structures
Vegetation
Water
Climate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical, natural or manmade structures situated on Earth's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in earth elevation by crustal thickening causing mountainous formations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extending earth causing crustal thinning resulting in valley formations |
|
|
Term
| Nicknamed "Top of the World" at 29,029 feet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All changes in original shape, size/volume or orientation of rock body |
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Deformation |
|
Definition
| Temperature, Confining Pressure, Rock Type, Time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Compressional
Tensional
Shear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anticline, Syncline, Monocline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upfolds or aches with oldest sedimentary layers in the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Downfolds or troughs with youngest sedimentary layers in the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steplike folds or dips in horizontal sedimentary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rocks tend to break/fracture;
Near the surface
In cool temperatures
Strong molecular bonds
Sudden stress increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some bonds break while others form, allows rock to change shape;
Deep in crust
High Temperatures
Weak Molecular bonds
Gradual Stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uplift and erosion removes overlying load reducing compressive load |
|
|
Term
| 3 Competing Mechanisms that Contribute to Joint Formation during Uplift and Erosion |
|
Definition
Tensional Stresses
Chemical Weathering
Groundwater Movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weak tensile strength of rock, often form same time as faults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rocks cool and develop shrinkage fractures, look like elongated columns |
|
|
Term
| 3 Geometric Features of Fold |
|
Definition
Symmetrical (Mirrored)
Asymmetrical (Not Mirrored)
Overturned (Tilted) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upwarped, circular or elongated sedimentary structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Downwarped, circular or elongated sedimentary structure |
|
|
Term
| 2 Principal Ways Folds Form |
|
Definition
| Shortening or thickening of crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ductile formation causes the bending of rock forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| System that contains numerous geologically related mountains |
|
|
Term
| How to tell which mountain belts are older or younger? |
|
Definition
| Taller mountains are younger than lower mountains because they have undergone more weathering and erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Processes that collectively result in formation of mountains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concept that Earth's crust is floating in gravitational balance upon material of mantle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of continental crust that has attained stability, not affected by tectonic activity during Phanerozoic Eon, Consists of shield and stable platform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remains or traces of prehistoric life in sediments, Time indicators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid burial
Possession of hard parts
Soft parts of subject to decay, bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Petrified
Molds/Casts
Carbonized Impressions
Preserved in Amber or Tar
Mummified
Preserved bones/teeth/shells
Chemical Fossils |
|
|
Term
| Features of Trace Fossils |
|
Definition
| Indirect evidence of prehistoric life such as tracks, burrows, coprolites (feces & stomach content), gastroliths (stomach stones) |
|
|
Term
| Life Form Becoming a Fossil |
|
Definition
| Living plant or animal dies, soft parts exposed to air decompose quickly, hard parts decompose slowly (greatest fossil chance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most by accident, but some researched paleontologists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by minerals precipitate porous material (wood/bone) from groundwater solutions, Water seeps into pores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only seen with microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bivalves
Brachipads
Bryozoans
Cephalopods
Corals
Crinoids
Gastropods
Graptolites
Trilobites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Once soil forms, forces (wind & water) carry soil components in thin sheets to streams where they are deemed sediment, then transported until deposited on sea bed |
|
|
Term
| Energy Processes that Drive Landscape Evolution |
|
Definition
| Weathering, Mass wasting and Erosion |
|
|
Term
| What happens when rate of uplift exceeds rate of erosion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when rate of subsidence exceeds rate of uplift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects equal points of elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difference of elevation between each contour line |
|
|
Term
| 6 Factors in Land Development |
|
Definition
Parent Material
Time
Climate
Plants
Animals
Topography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Downslope movement of rock, regolith and soil under direct influence of gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slump
Rockslide
Debris Flow
Earth flow
Creep
Solifluction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weathering precursor weakens rocks and breaks them apart |
|
|
Term
| 3 Factors Influencing Strength of Slope |
|
Definition
Saturation
Vegetation Removal
Earthquake Vibrations |
|
|
