Term
| Mafic igneous rocks are silica-poor. |
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Definition
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Term
| The sequence in which minerals crystallize in a cooling igneous melt is called Bowen's Reaction Series |
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Definition
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Term
| Pegmatites are extremely coarse-grained igneous rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| A pluton is an igneous structure that crystallized at very shallow depths. |
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Definition
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Term
| Igneous rocks may be either ________ if they form on or near Earth's surface, or ________ if they solidify under ground. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are fragments of country rock that are distinct from the body of igneous rocks in which they are enclosed. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ igneous rocks, like gabbro and basalt, are silica-deficient with high magnesium and iron. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fine-grained igneous rocks (grains < 1.0 mm) that have small grains cooled rapidly and are likely to be ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ________ is a tabular (thin but large area) intrusive body that is concordant (parallel to layering in the country rock). |
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Definition
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Term
| Igneous rocks that are silica-rich with high aluminum, sodium, and potassium are ________ rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ________ is an intrusive structure that formed from magma that solidified within the "throat" of a volcano. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the basalt and gabbro on the ocean floor is created at mid oceanic ridges, which are also ________. |
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Definition
| divergent plate boundaries |
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Term
| The crust beneath the world's oceans is mafic ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Bowen’s reaction series, which mineral forms just after hornblende (amphibole) in cooling magma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Convergent plate boundaries typically produce igneous rocks that are ____________ in compositon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Magma forms by ____________ at divergent plate boundaries. |
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Definition
| reducing the pressure of a hot, dry rock |
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Term
| Magma forms by ____________ at convergent plate boundaries. |
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Definition
| adding water to hot, dry rock |
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Term
| Mafic magma melting felsic country rock and creating intermediate magma is an example of _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A batholith is bigger than a stock |
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Definition
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Term
| Silicic lavas, which are relatively high in silica, tend to be more fluid than mafic magmas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pahoehoe lava flow is characterized by a ropy or billowy surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| Volcanic domes are steep-sided domes or spine-shaped masses of volcanic rock formed from viscous lava that solidifies in or immediately above a volcano's vent. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pillow structures, pillow-shaped rounded masses, form where lava is extruded under water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Volcanic eruptions have no effect on climate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term ________ is used for molten rock on the Earth's surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| Shield volcanoes have ________ bases and ________ inclined slopes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Occasionally, a volcano will spew large amounts of fine volcanic dust into the high atmosphere. This dust can have the effect of ________. |
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Definition
| All of the answers are correct. |
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Term
| A ________ is a mixture of gas and pyroclastic debris that is so dense that it hugs the ground as it flows rapidly into low areas. |
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Definition
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Term
| The more ________ the lava, and the greater the amount of gas trying to escape, the more violent the eruption. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because ________ magmas are the most viscous they are associated with the most violent eruptions. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ________ volcano is composed of alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments and solidified lava flows. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eruptions of shield volcanoes fed by mafic magma tend ________. |
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Definition
| not to be explosive or particularly dangerous |
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Term
| Volcanic domes are steep-sided, spine-shaped masses of volcanic rock formed from ________ magma. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ________ is a volcanic depression much larger than the original crater, formed when the volcano collapses into a vacated magma chamber. |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest pyroclasts are ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ________ is a volcano constructed of pyroclastic fragments ejected from a central vent. |
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Definition
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Term
| The major factors that cause volcanic eruption to be quiet or explosive are _______: |
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Definition
| amount of dissolved gas and viscosity of the magma |
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Term
| Extrusive igneous rocks are fine-grained because _________: |
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Definition
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Term
| Pahoehoe lava has a lower viscosity than Aa lava |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following volcanos are composed entirely of lava flows? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gravel-sized particles are coarser than 2 mm in diameter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of the mineral calcite. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sorting is the process by which sediment grains are selected and separated according to grain size. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order of decreasing size (largest listed first), sedimentary grain sizes include ________. |
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Definition
| gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
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Term
| ________ is a coarse-grained sedimentary rock formed by the cementation of rounded gravel. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the process by which sediment grains are selected and separated according to grain size by agent of transportation. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the shift to a tighter packing of sediment grains due to the weight of overburden. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the general term for the processes that convert loose sediment into sedimentary rock. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are sedimentary rocks deposited by direct precipitation of minerals from water. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) ________ is sandstone containing a significant amount of feldspar. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) ________ is sandstone in which more than 15% of the rock's volume consists of fine-grained matrix. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ________ is a layer of sedimentary rock with a vertical change in particle size, usually from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ form(s) only in fine-grained sediments that are exposed to air. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a hard, compact, very fine-grained sedimentary rock composed entirely of silica. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are features found within sedimentary rock that formed during or shortly after deposition. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) ________ is a body of rock of considerable thickness that is large enough to be mappable and with characteristics that distinguish it from adjacent rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rounding of particles occurs over a short distance of transportation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Graywacke sandstone from in _________ currents |
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Definition
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Term
| Conglomerate and coal are most likely to form in a ________ environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Limestone is most likely to form in a ____________ environment |
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Definition
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Term
| The term mechanical weathering refers to changes in a rock that are physical; there is little or no chemical change. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reduction of pressure on a body of rock can cause it to crack as it expands. |
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Definition
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Term
| An acid is a chemical compound that gives off hydrogen ions (H+) to a chemical reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| When feldspar is attacked by carbonic acid it forms clay minerals. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ refers to the group of destructive processes that change the physical and chemical character of rocks at the Earth's surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a byproduct of rock weathering. |
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Definition
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Term
| The removal of a great weight of rock above a batholith by erosion allows the granite to expand forming ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ferromagnesian minerals such as augite, hornblende, biotite, and olivine are chemically altered in the presence of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ forms as a chemical weathering product of iron-rich minerals. |
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Definition
| Both hematite and limonite are correct. |
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Term
| The most important natural source for the formation of acid for rock weathering at the Earth's surface is dissolved ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When feldspar is attacked by carbonic acid it forms ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the mineral least susceptible (most resistant) to chemical attack on the Earth's surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| Under wet and humid tropical conditions the least soluble material is the aluminum oxide called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In tropical regions where temperatures are high and rainfall abundant, highly leached soils called ________ (oxisols) form. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbonic acid is the most effective agent of chemical weathering. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbonic acid is formed from which of the following: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following processes breaks rock by freezing water |
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Definition
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