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Definition
| naturally formed, consolidated material consisting of one or more minerals |
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| igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic |
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| formed by cooling from a melt |
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| accumulation of rock pieces, shell fragments, organic matter, etc. |
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| other rock type changed by heat and/or pressure |
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| Magma, igneous, sediment, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, magma |
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| 6 requirements to be a mineral? |
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Definition
| Natural, solid, crystalline, mostly inorganic, definite chemical composition, formed geologically |
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| how many minerals discovered every year? |
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Definition
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| 3 geologic processes of mineral formation? |
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Definition
| freezing melt, left behind after water dries (precipitation), chemical reactions at high temp & high pressure |
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Definition
| bones (apatite), shellfish shells (aragonite, and other skeletal types |
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| solid where atoms are arranged in crystal lattice |
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| orderly, unchanging arrangement of atoms |
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| solid WITHOUT ordered atoms. Not minerals |
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| Physical properties of crystals depend on what 3 things? |
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Definition
| identity of atoms, arrangement of atoms, nature of chemical bonds connecting atoms |
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| atom that has been charged either positively or negatively by gain or loss of an atom |
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| ion positively charged due to loss of electron |
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| ion negatively charged due to gaining of electron(s) |
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| ionic size depends on what? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the way ions are packed together, determined by ionic size and ionic charge. the nature of atomic packing determines the geometric shapes formed |
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Definition
| atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons |
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Definition
| retains all protons and neutrons |
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| radioactive isotope (unstable) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protons, neutrons, electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost orbiting electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled by valence electrons. Positive and negative ions are attracted to one another and may stick |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another |
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Definition
| sharing of valence electrons between atoms |
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Definition
| attraction between valence electrons and metal ions. electrons flow freely, resulting in high conductivity |
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| weak bond between molecules or groups of atoms |
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Definition
| molecule where opposite sides have opposite charges |
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Definition
| intermolecular bond between hydrogen atom and polar molecule |
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Definition
| intermolecular bond where one side of molecule becomes slightly positive and another becomes slightly negative, due to moving electrons |
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Definition
| harder minerals, higher melting point |
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Definition
| softer mineral, lower melting point |
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Definition
| hardest mineral, carbon w/ strong covalent bonds |
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Definition
| softest mineral, carbon w/ weak Van der Waals bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms or ions move through a solid to arrange into a new crystal structure |
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Definition
| gasses cool quickly and crystallize |
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Definition
| mineral grown in tight space w/ no crystal faces |
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Definition
| mineral grown in open space, w/ crystal faces |
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Definition
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| 3 methods of mineral destruction |
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Definition
| melting, dissolving, and chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| x-rays diffract through crystals and the lattice pattern can ID the mineral |
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Term
| TEM (transmission electron microscope) |
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Definition
| shoots electron beam at crystal, electrons that interact with atoms don't reach detector. paints a picture of mineral |
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Term
| 7 physical properties of minerals |
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Definition
| Color, streak, luster, hardness, gravity, habit, fracture or cleavage |
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Definition
| shape when grown unimpeded ( blocky, bladed, needle, massive |
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| some light passes through |
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| no light passes through (solid) |
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| electric charge when squeezed |
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Definition
| electric charge when heated |
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Definition
| ability to be pounded into sheets |
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Definition
| ability to be drawn into wires |
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Definition
| ability to be shaved with knife |
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| How many mineral are abundant? |
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Definition
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| Most and second-most abundant |
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Definition
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| Mineral classes are defined by what? |
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Definition
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Definition
| silicates and non-silicates |
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Definition
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| 3 instruments for crystal ID |
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Definition
| x-ray, mass spectrometer, electron microscope/probe |
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Term
| Most important mineral class? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen, silicon, other atoms |
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Term
| SiO44- (silicon-oxygen tetrahedron) |
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Definition
| Four oxygen atoms bonded to a central Si atom. This is the building block of silicates |
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Definition
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Definition
| silica tetras link and share one oxygen |
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Definition
| silica tetras alternating between sharing 2 and 3 oxygens |
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Term
| Things to study besides flashcards |
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Definition
| rock cycle, chem-bonds, sili-oxy chain types |
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Term
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Definition
| silica tetras share 3 oxygens. 1 direction of perfect cleavage |
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Definition
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Definition
| non ferromagnesian, ferromagnesian, clay |
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Term
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Definition
| iron and magnesium are absent, mineral is lighter |
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Definition
| iron and magnesium are present, darker color |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrous silicates (they can absorb water due to small particle size) |
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| 7 non-silicate categories |
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Definition
| carbonates, sulfates, oxides, sulfides, phosphate, halides, native elements |
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Term
| minerals are classified by what? |
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Definition
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Definition
| metal cation bonded to sulfate anion group |
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Definition
| metal cations bonded to oxygen |
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Definition
| metal cations bonded to a sulfide anion |
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Term
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Definition
| contain PO4-3 tetra group in structure |
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| pure, single element metal masses |
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Term
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Definition
| upper mantle in kimberlite pipes |
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