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Geology 111 Test 2
Zumwalt, Louisiana Tech University
205
Geology
Undergraduate 1
09/24/2014

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Term
Seismology
Definition
The subset of geology responsible for the study of earthquakes
Term
Fault
Definition
A break in the rock across which movement occurs.
(When the focus expands, it breaks rock and creates a fault).
Term
Earthquake
Definition
When a rock breaks, the energy dissipates in all directions. It is that energy at the surface that we realize as an ______?
Term
Primary wave (P)
Definition
type of energy wave which travels the fastest.
Term
4-6 Km/sec.
Definition
How fast do primary waves travel?
Term
A game of pool. One ball hits another, the energy is dispersed into the second ball, and the second ball takes off.
Definition
What is a good example of the way energy from primary waves moves through the earth?
Term
A park or golf course. Somewhere with few people who are all mobile.
Definition
Best use for an area with high earthquake frequency
Term
Differential motion
Definition
Type of motion that causes the most damage to infrastructure
Term
Benioff zone
Definition
Plunging zone of earthquake activity
Term
Chicken. Chickens know three days before an earthquake hits.
Definition
Organism that predicts earthquakes the earliest
Term
Incipient ridge
Definition
Cause of over 2000 earthquakes in central United States
Term
seismologists
Definition
Geologists who study earthquakes
Term
Epicenter
Definition
Position on surface directly above the break (or focus)
Term
Wood.
Because it snaps back into place rather than falling apart when exposed to differential motion.
Definition
Safest material for houses in an earthquake zone (and why)
Term
Focus
Definition
The site of the first break in the rock
Term
Surface wave
Definition
Type of wave which causes the most physical damage
Term
Fire from blown gas mains
Definition
What caused the most damage in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake?
Term
Mercali scale
Definition
Scale that measures the intensity of earthquakes relative to human structures.
Term
Level V
Definition
On the Mercali scale, at what level does damage start to occur?
Term
Subduction zones.
Definition
What is the site of most deep focus earthquakes?
Term
Joint
Definition
A break in the rock across which there is NO movement
Term
Turbidity flow
Definition
Mass wasting event underneath the ocean
Term
Secondary wave (S)
Definition
The kind of wave where particles move perpendicular to the direction of dispersal (picture a heart monitor)
Term
Secondary waves (S)
Definition
Travel slower than most primary waves, but not the slowest type.
Term
2-4 Km/sec.
Definition
How fast do secondary waves travel?
Term
Because the types of rock through which the waves move vary. Different materials let the waves travel at different speeds.
Definition
Why is the speed of primary and secondary waves mentioned as a range?
Term
Seismograph
Definition
Paper trace of earth movement
Term
Suffocation
Definition
First consequences of a gas leak
Term
Richter scale
Definition
Earthquake scale which measures magnitude 100 km from the focus
Term
Deep focus and shallow focus tell how deep the focus is relative to the surface.
Definition
What makes an earthquake deep focus or shallow focus?
Term
Transform fault systems
Definition
Where would you expect to see shallow focus earthquakes?
Term
Subduction zones
Definition
Where would you expect to see deep focus earthquakes?
Term
strain
Definition
Change in the shape of the rock in response to stress
Term
Elastic zone (picture a bent pencil. It will go back to being straight--will not stay bent).
Definition
On a graph, the area below the rupture zone, which defines earth materials that will return to their original shape
Term
The plastic zone (picture a bent plastic pen. It will not go back to its original shape. It will stay bent).
Definition
On a graph, the area above the rupture zone, which defines earth materials which will not return to their original shape.
Term
Maleable
Definition
Earth materials which can withstand stress without breaking are called _______.
Term
Rupture zone
Definition
The zone where stress and strain cause materials to break or change shape... FOREVER.
Term
Brittle
Definition
Materials that break easily under stress are _____.
Term
Primary waves, secondary waves, and surface waves.
Definition
Three different types of energy movement through the earth
Term
Surface wave
Definition
Slowest type of energy wave
Term
Surface wave
Definition
Type of wave that travels in a helix relative to the direction of dispersal (like a slinky)
Term
Seismometer
Definition
Device used to measure earthquakes
Term
1) something that moves when the earth moves (like a concrete block), 2) a component that doesn't move (like a metal drum) 3) something to record on 4) something to record with.
Definition
4 pieces required to make a seismometer
Term
It removes the friction between its surface and the object on top of it.
Definition
How does an air hockey table work?
Term
(2km/sec) x (T1-T2)
Definition
=distance of the earth movement from current position (on a seismograph)
Term
3
Definition
How many seismometers does it take to find the epicenter of a fault?
Term
I-XII
Definition
What is the range of the Mercali scale?
Term
To normalize data so that one earthquake can be compared to another.
Definition
Why does the Richter scale measure the magnitude of earth movement 100 km from the surface?
Term
Richter scale is logarithmic, so each point is 10 times bigger than the previous point. 2^0 3^0 4^0 5^0 6^0 7^0 8^1 Count subsets backwards, 8 is 1,000,000 times bigger than a 2.
Definition
On the Richter scale, how much bigger is an 8 than a 2?
Term
Acceleration scale
Definition
Earthquake scale that measures the speed of movement
Term
Because he has to die first
Definition
Why isn't the acceleration scale named after the person who came up with it?
Term
Liquafaction
Definition
What caused the most damage during the World Series earthquake?
Term
Mass Wasting
Definition
The downslope movement of regolith in response to gravity
Term
Regolith
Definition
Unconsolidated material
Term
The stable angle of repose
Definition
The maximum angle that sediments can stack without falling
Term
Differential movement, Mass wasting events, Liquifaction and Tsunamis.
Definition
Geologic hazards associated with earthquakes
Term
Liquifaction
Definition
Deforms sediments that are saturated in water, caused by earthquakes
Term
Liquifaction.
Earthquakes moving through sand break grain to grain contact, water rushes in to fill the voids and causes the sediment to act as a liquid.
Definition
A house built on sand sinks. What geologic hazard caused this?
Term
Tsunami
Definition
Large-scale open water wave
Term
In excess of 700 mph
Definition
Tsunamis can move how fast?
Term
Because rather than the water moving, the energy is moving through it.
Definition
How can tsunamis travel so fast?
Term
No. We can tell if there is enough earth movement to potentially generate a tsunami, but if you announce that enough, people stop believing you.
Definition
Can we predict tsunamis?
Term
Water recedes so low so quickly that it hisses
Definition
First warning sign of a tsunami
Term
3 to 5
Definition
How many waves are usually generated by a tsunami?
Term
Seiche
Definition
A wave created by a mountain or huge rock falling into a body of water
Term
Transform faults, subduction zones, continent-ridge collision, Isostatic rebound, incipient ridges, and load faults.
Definition
Which plate tectonic mechanisms cause earthquakes?
Term
North Dakota
Definition
Only state not to have an earthquake in the last 100 years
Term
New Madrd
Definition
Where will the next truly large earthquake probably occur?
Term
no
Definition
Can geologists predict when earthquakes will occur?
Term
Peru
Definition
Largest earthquake on the globe was a 9.6 that occurred where?
Term
The subduction zone running down the side of South America.
Definition
What caused the earthquake in Peru (largest measured in the world)?
Term
Mexico City
Definition
Largest measured earthquake in North America occurred where?
Term
Anchorage, Alaska
Definition
Largest MEASURED earthquake in U.S. occurred where?
Term
New Madrid, Missouri
Definition
Largest earthquake in the U.S. occurred where?
Term
The damage it caused. The New Madrid earthquake caused a portion of the Mississippi to flow backward for 3 days to fill the hole it created.
Definition
How do we know the New Madrid earthquake was bigger than the Anchorage earthquake if it happened before seismometers were invented?
Term
A single story, singly family domicile made of wood (because wood rebounds).
Definition
If you must build a structure in an earthquake zone, what should it be?
Term
Gravitational Differentiation
Definition
Heavy elements move to the center and light ones move to the outer surface.
Term
46%
Definition
Oxygen (O) makes up __% of the earth's crust
Term
26%
Definition
Silicon makes up ___% of the earth's crust
Term
10%
Definition
Aluminum (Al) makes up ___% of the earth's crust
Term
Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), and Aluminum (Al)
Definition
82% of the earth's crust is made up of what 3 materials?
Term
Minerals
Definition
Naturally reoccurring solids with orderly 3 dimensional structure and a known composition.
Term
Cubic Zirconium
Definition
Man-made. Not a mineral.
Term
yellow--most common yellow mineral.
Definition
What color is sulfur?
Term
Radiation, which absorbs all color and appears black.
Definition
Black quartz is caused by what?
Term
Luster
Definition
Way light is reflected
Term
Moh's Hardness scale
Definition
Hardness scale that goes from 1-10, 10 being the hardest.
Term
Quartz
Definition
What mineral has a hardness of 7?
Term
5
Definition
What is the hardness of apatite?
Term
Something with a hardness greater than 8 and less than 9.
Definition
What would scratch topaz but not gourndum?
Term
Bitter salt.
Definition
Silvite tastes like what?
Term
Efferveseuce
Definition
The ability of a mineral to release a gas under weak acid
Term
Efferveseuce.
Definition
Soft drinks and champagne are an example of what?
Term
Units of mass per units of volume
Definition
How is the weight of mineral measured?
Term
Specific Gravity
Definition
How do geologists measure the volume of strangely shaped minerals?
Term
Specific gravity
Definition
The number of times a sample is as heavy as an equal volume of water
Term
Jolly balance
Definition
An apparatus used to measure samples in and out of water (in relation to specific gravity)
Term
Because the water is trying to get back into the space where we find our mineral.
Definition
Why will a sample weighed in a jolly balance be heavier in air than in water?
Term
A rock or an object in water is buoyed upward by a force equal to to the volume of water displaced.
Definition
Archimedes Principal
Term
SP = (Weight in Air - Weight in Water)/ Weight in Air
Definition
Specific Gravity Equation
Term
2.65
Definition
What is the specific gravity of quartz?
Term
It will weigh less than the heavy sample pure. (round up)
Definition
What will small pieces of light material do to the overall specific gravity of a sample?
Term
19.3
Definition
What is the specific gravity of gold?
Term
It will make it erroneously heavy (round down).
Definition
Gold almost always occurs with quartz. What will happen to the specific gravity of a sample of quartz with gold in it?
Term
4
Definition
What is the specific gravity of something that weighs 8 in air and 6 in water?
Term
Pumice. It has a specific gravity lower than 1--floats in water.
Definition
What rock has the lowest specific gravity?
Term
Pyrite
Specific gravity: 7.4
If the sample is heavier than 7.4, the sample is heavy, and vice versa.
Definition
Heavy and light are relative terms. If a specimen is metallic, it's compared to what?
Term
Quartz
Specific gravity: 2.65
If the sample is heavier than 2.65, the sample is heavy, and vice versa.
Definition
Heavy and light are relative terms. If a specimen is non-metallic, it's compared to what?
Term
Mica minerals
Definition
Minerals that form in layers
Term
Cleavage plane
Definition
Flat plane caused by breaking a mineral down a plane of weak bonds.
Term
There are 8.
Mica minerals only split in 1 direction.
Definition
How many mica minerals are there and how many different directions do the split in?
Term
3. So it looks like a cube under a microscope.
Definition
Halite (salt) cleaves in how many directions?
Term
It will break on a random plane. "Fractionary plane"
Definition
What happens if a mineral with equal bonding strength in all directions breaks?
Term
flat
Definition
Brittle structures, such as salt, often break along a _____ plane.
Term
quartz
Definition
Six sided prism
Term
Terminations
Definition
The points that crystals come to
Term
1, double
Definition
Crystals that grow up from a sub straight (ex. wall) have __ termination, quartz in Arkansas often grows suspended so that it has __________ termination.
Term
400 gems
Definition
Number of minerals that form crystals of economic value
Term
200
Definition
Number of common rock-forming minerals
Term
7
Definition
How many classes of rock forming minerals?
Term
1 silica and 1 Oxygen (SiO)
Definition
Rock forming minerals from the Silicate class must have
Term
1 Aluminum, 1 Silica, and 4 Oxygen (AlSiO4)
Definition
Feldspars, from the Silicate class, have what atomic structure?
Term
1 Oxygen (O)
Definition
Oxides class must have what?
Term
1 Phosphorus and 4 Oxygen (PO4)
Definition
Phosphates must have what?
Term
1 Sulfur (S)
Definition
Sulfides must have what?
Term
1 Sulfur, 4 Oxygen (SO4)
Definition
Sulfates must have what?
Term
1 Carbon, 4 Oxygen (CO4)
Definition
Carbonates must have what?
Term
Chloride or Florine (Cl, F)
Definition
Evaporates have what?
Term
Calcium Carbonate
Definition
What does a clam make its shell out of?
Term
Rock
Definition
Naturally occurring solid composed of 1 or more minerals
Term
Petrology
Definition
The subset of geology responsible for the subset of rocks
Term
Mineralogy
Definition
Subset of geology responsible for the subset of minerals
Term
Igneous rocks
Definition
Rocks formed by cooling magma
Term
Sedimentary rocks
Definition
Rocks composed of the pieces of other rocks
Term
The sedimentary process
Definition
Erosion, transport, disposition, and lithophocation (ETDL)
Term
Metamorphic rocks
Definition
Rocks changed by heat, pressure, and chemically reacted solutions and gases
Term
Melt it, allow it to cool
Definition
How would you make a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?
Term
Erosion, Transport, Disposition, and Lithophocation (ETDL)
Definition
How would you make a metamorphic rock into a sedimentary rock?
Term
Melt it
Definition
How would you make a Sedimentary rock into an igneous rock?
Term
Heat, Pressure, Chemically reacted Solutions and Gases (HPCSG)
Definition
How would you make an igneous rock into a metamorphic rock?
Term
Intermediate
Definition
Rocks that are halfway between two of the rock classes
Term
Intrusive and extrusive
Definition
2 basic kinds of igneous rock
Term
Extrusive (historically referred to as volcanic rocks)
Definition
Igneous rocks that are allowed to cool on the surface
Term
Intrusive (historically referred to as plutonic).
Definition
Igneous rocks that are allowed to cool beneath the surface
Term
Magma chamber, neck, vent, crater.
Definition
Below a volcano, you will find a large chamber called a ______________. Magma reaches the surface through a tube called a _______ and goes out via the ________. Typically, there is also a _________ from magma building and cooling on the top
Term
Lateral vent
Definition
A vent on the side of a volcano
Term
Apical vent
Definition
Vent at the top of a volcano
Term
Caldera
Definition
When a volcano collapses into an empty magma chamber it forms a truly large hole called a _______.
Term
Yellowstone
Definition
Example in the U.S. of a caldera
Term
Magma, Lava
Definition
Magma beneath the surface, _______. Above the surface, _______.
Term
Silica
Definition
The more ______ the stiffer the lava
Term
Geomorphology
Definition
The subset of geology responsible for the study of land forms
Term
Shield
Definition
Low-profile volcano created by runny (low-silica) lava
Term
quartz, sandstone
Definition
Magma increases in silica content as it burns through continental crust--specifically ______ and ________.
Term
Steep-sided
Definition
A very steep volcano formed by stiff (high-silica) lava
Term
Intermediate profile
Definition
Volcano between steep-sided and shield
Term
Splatter cone
Definition
Magma splatters on the side of the vent and builds virtually straight up
Term
Composite cones
Definition
Cone composed of high and low silica lava (creates intermediate profiles), found mostly on the west coast
Term
Composite. Because it's on the West coast
Definition
What kind of volcano cone would you expect to see in Colorado?
Term
Cinder cone
Definition
Cone created when magma is so stiff it can't move at all and explodes into pieces
Term
stratocone
Definition
cone composed of intermediate silica lava
Term
As magma burns through the continents it gathers silica, and then clears its throat so low silica lava gets through the surface without gaining more silica.
Definition
How do you get high and low silica lava in the same place?
Term
Cracks of the Moon, Idaho. Lots of silica filled rock there.
Definition
Best example of cinder and splatter cones
Term
Shield volcanoes and such, because there is no silica in oceanic crust.
Definition
What kind of volcanoes form around mid oceanic ridges and on oceanic crust?
Term
The expansion of water.
Most magma is 10-15% water. When it reaches the surface it expands from a liquid to a gas--1000 times its original size, and pushes magma upward.
Definition
What are volcanic eruptions caused by?
Term
Flood Basalt (horizontal tiers)
Definition
Low-silica lava flows over hills and valleys, and cools evenly on the surface, creating a plateau called a ______________.
Term
Fissure.
Definition
Plateaus are so large because lava is coming out of a large or long crack instead of a vent. Fancy word for that crack?
Term
Columnar Basalt
Definition
Basalt that forms vertical tiers
Term
pyroplastics
Definition
If silica content is too high, magma blows into the air and creates________
Term
Bomb
Definition
Pyroplastic larger than 32mm., and liquid when thrown into the air, forming a long tail.
Term
Irregular blocks
Definition
Pyroplastics larger than 32mm., solid when thrown into the air, form what?
Term
Spindle bomb
Definition
Bomb with elongated shape
Term
Lapilli
Definition
Pyroplastics between 32 and 2mm.?
Term
Cinders
Definition
Pyroplastics between 2 and 0.0625mm?
Term
Ash
Definition
Pyroplastics smaller than 0.0625 millimeters?
Term
Lava tunnel
Definition
Lava that flows through previously existent river valleys and cools as it flows through, creating a hole.
Term
Lava tube
Definition
Lava forms around a circular part of a vent
Term
Obsidian
Definition
Volcanic glass
Term
Pillow basalts
Definition
Igneous rock formations on mid oceanic ridges that look like blown-up surgical gloves, and have outer rinds composed of obsidian
Term
pillow, guyotes
Definition
Mid oceanic ridges are mostly composed of _______ basalts, some of which get their heads knocked off and are referred to as ________.
Term
8 (at least)
Definition
How many different ways can volcanoes kill you?
Term
Explosion, Tsunami, Nue Ardante, Lahar, Lava, Collapse, "Fire Gods," Ash, Glaciers...
Definition
Name all the ways a volcano can kill you.
Term
Krakatoa--on an island north of Australia. Isolated, only killed 23 people (from the explosion itself anyway), but the shock wave went around the world 5 times. Rattled windows in London. Generated a tsunami that killed 30,000.
Definition
Largest known volcanic explosion in recorded history
Term
Tsunamis
Definition
Volcanic eruptions associated with the coastline often create ______________.
Term
Nue Ardantes (also called Pyroplastic clouds).
Definition
A cloud of poisonous explosive gases that accelerate down hill after a volcanic eruption and often carry volcanic ash.
Term
Mt. Vesuvius, Pompeii, Naples.
Definition
Best example of a nue ardante?
Term
Blast shadow
Definition
A human shaped form of rock only ever seen in Hiroshima and pompeii.
Term
2.5 million people will die in the first 10 seconds. There is a 50% chance it will erupt this year, and that chance increases by 10% every year, meaning it will erupt in 5 years. 2.5 weeks to evacuate.
Definition
Next time Mt. Vesuvius erupts, how many people will die?
Term
Lahars
Definition
Large-scale mudslides caused by volcanic eruptions that do tremendous damage to human structures.
Term
Lahars (picked off towns 20 miles away).
Definition
When Mt. St. Helens erupted, what was the most damage caused by?
Term
Santorini, the capital of the Minoan culture, collapsed into a caldera underwater. It may be how the myth of Atlantis began.
Definition
Best example of damage caused by a caldera
Term
Fire gods
Definition
Primitive cultures sacrificed virgins to the ___________ to keep volcanoes from erupting
Term
Ash
Definition
_______ from volcanic eruptions can cause structures to collapse because the weight becomes too great for structures to bare
Term
Mt. Rainier, Seattle
Definition
250,000 people will die in the first 10 minutes when the glacier near ________, ________ falls down (which could happen after a volcanic eruption).
Term
Geothermal electricity (used in Iceland to heat water), volcanic soil (created by ash mixing with soil), cinder cones used to build highways.
Definition
Three advantages to volcanoes
Term
Active
Definition
Volcanoes that are still on their heat source and have erupted in the last 100 years
Term
Quiescent
Definition
Volcanoes that are still on their heat source but have not erupted in the last 100 years
Term
Mt. Shasta
Definition
Example of a quiescent volcano
Term
Dead
Definition
Volcanoes that have been removed from their heat source
Term
4 of the volcanoes in Hawaii
Definition
Example of a dead volcano
Term
Subduction zones, plumes/hotspots, Insipient ridges (M.O.R.) (Heat convection).
Definition
What plate tectonic mechanisms cause terrestrial volcanoes?
Term
5
Definition
If rocks are consistent, geologists can predict volcanic eruptions within ___ minutes
Term
Seismic nets
Definition
Seismometers covering a volcano
Term
Magma will continue to move through rock at the same rate, and rock is the same hardness all the way through (if magma reaches a fault, it may short-circuit to the surface).
Definition
In predicting volcanic eruptions, what are the 2 underlying assumption which could be incorrect?
Term
Don't build around it. Turn it into a park. Don't put sensitive receptors like hospitals, grade schools, or your primary water source anywhere near it.
Definition
What do you do with an active volcano?
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