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Geology 1114 Lab Final
what it says above, idiots
138
Geology
Undergraduate 2
12/04/2010

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Term
Contour Lines
Definition
Lines of equal elevation on a topographic map
Term
Planimetric Map
Definition
Map representing only the horizontal features of a land surface. (2D)
Term
Quadrangle Map
Definition
Section of a topographic map that is bounded by lines of latitude and longitude
Term
Latitude
Definition
Imaginary lines measured from the equator (0) to the North Pole (90N) or the South Pole (90S). Can be subdivided into Minutes (') and Seconds (")
Term
Longitude
Definition
Imaginary lines measured from the Prime Meridian (0) to Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Can be subdivided into Minutes (') and Seconds (")
Term
Two most common Quadrangle Map sizes
Definition
15-minute and 7 1/2 minute
Term
Declination
Definition
Indication of the difference in degrees between True North and Magnetic North on a topographic map.
Term
Index Contours
Definition
Contour lines that have the elevation printed on them. (Darker Brown)
Term
Contour Interval
Definition
All contour lines are multiples of the contour intervals.
Term
Benchmark
Definition
(BM) A permanent marker (usually a metal plate) placed by the U.S. Geological Survey or Bureau of Land Management at the point indicated on the map.
Term
Regional Relief
Definition
The difference in elevation between the highest and the lowest points on a topographic map.
Term
Gradient
Definition
A measure of the steepness of a slope.
Gradient = (Rise or fall between A and B)/(Distance between A and B)
Term
Ratio Scale
Definition
Indication of the relation between one unit of measurement on map A, and another unit of measurement on map B. (1:24,000)
Term
Fractional Scale
Definition
Indication between the fractional relationship of map A and map B. (1/24,000) (1 24,000 of its actual size)
Term
Verbal Scale
Definition
Scales expressed with words in terms of common distances. (1 in. = 6 2/3 football fields)
Term
Graphic Bar Scales
Definition
Rules for measuring distances on a map. (bottom of map)
Term
U.S. Public Land Survey System
Definition
(PLS) Classification of maps into Principal Meridians (North/South) and Base Lines (East/West).
North-South: Townships
East-West: Ranges
Term
Section
Definition
Subdivision of townships into 36, 1 mile squares.
Term
Global Positioning System
Definition
(GPS) Most GPS receivers are 12 channel parallel receivers. (Capable of receiving/processing radio signals from as many as twelve satellites at the same time)
Term
Datum
Definition
Survey or navigational framework. (GPS)
Term
Universal Transverse Mercator System
Definition
(UTM) A global military navigation/grid coordinate system developed by NIMA. (Rectangularly measured in meters)
Zones: Easting/Northing
Term
Bearing
Definition
Compass Direction
Term
Topographical Profile
Definition
Cross section that shows the elevations and slopes along a given line.
Term
Stereogram
Definition
(Stereo Pair) 3D image developed by taking two air photos from slightly different perspectives
Term
Structural Geology
Definition
The study of how geologic units (bodies of rock/sediment) are arranged when first formed and how they are deformed afterward.
Term
Strain
Definition
Undergo deformation, such as a change in shape
Term
Geologic Maps
Definition
Flat (two dimensional) maps that use different colors/symbols to represent the different units of rock or sediment and their positions
Term
Formations
Definition
Mappable rock units:
Subdivided into Members and Beds
Term
Contact
Definition
boundaries between geologic units
Term
Geologic Cross Section
Definition
A drawing of a vertical slice through the Earth, with the material in front of it removes. It shows the arrangement of formations and their contacts. Shows topography.
Term
Block Diagram
Definition
A combination of the geologic map and cross section. It looks like a solid block with a geologic map on top of it and a geologic cross section on each of its visible sides.
Term
Three representations of the Earth used by Structural Geologists
Definition
Geologic Map, Geologic Cross Section, and Block Diagram
Term
Attitude
Definition
The orientation of a rock unit or surface
Term
Strike
Definition
The compass bearing of a line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane and an inclined layer of rock, fault, fracture, or other surface.
Term
Dip
Definition
The angle between a horizontal plane and the inclined (tilted) stratum, fault, or fracture.
Term
Dip Direction
Definition
Line that is always perpendicular to the line of strike
Term
Dip Angle
Definition
Angle between a horizontal plane and the inclined surface
Term
Disconformity
Definition
An unconformity between relatively parallel strata
Term
Angular Unconformity
Definition
An unconformity between nonparallel strata
Term
Nonconformity
Definition
As unconformity between sedimentary rock/sediment and non-sedimentary (igneous/metamorphic) rock
Term
Fault
Definition
Breaks in rock units along which movement has occurred
Term
Surfaces of a fault
Definition
Top: Hanging Wall
Bottom: Footwall
Term
Three types of Faults + Stress
Definition
Normal, Tension
Reverse, Compression
Thrust = Low-angle
Strike-Slip (lateral), shear
Term
Antiforms
Definition
Folds in rock strata
Anticline: Oldest rocks in the middle
Syncline: Youngest rocks in the middle
Term
Fold Axis
Definition
(Hinge Line) Axis around which each stratum is bent in a fold. Positioned on the axial plane.
Term
Plunging Fold
Definition
When the fold axis plunges to the ground, instead of being horizontal
Term
Plunge
Definition
The angle between the fold axis and horizontal
Term
Trend
Definition
the bearing, measured in the direction of the plunge
Term
Overturned Fold
Definition
When a fold is tilted such that one limb is upside down.
Term
Monocline
Definition
A fold that has two axial planes, that separate two nearly horizontal limbs from a single, more inclined limb. (Domes/Basins)
Term
Base Flow
Definition
Groundwater that seeps into a stream via porous rocks, fractures, and springs.
Term
Perennial Stream
Definition
Stream that flows continuously throughout the year. (Blue Lines)
Term
Intermittent Stream
Definition
Stream that flows intermittently throughout the year. (Blue line segments separated by three blue dots)
Term
Flood
Definition
Overflow of banks
Responsible for most damage in U.S. annually
Term
Alluvium
Definition
Transported/Deposited sediment
Term
Stream Drainage Patterns
Definition
Dendritic
Rectangular
Radial
Centripedal
Annular
Trellis
Deranged
Term
Dendritic
Definition
Branching of a tree, common where streams cut into flat lying layers of rock or sediment, or homogeneous rock.
Term
Rectangular
Definition
A network of channels at right-angle bends, that develops over rocks that are fractured or faulted in two main directions that are perpendicular.
Term
Radial
Definition
Channel flow outward from a central area, resembling the spokes of a wheel, that occurs on conical hills, such a as volcanoes/structural domes
Term
Centripedal
Definition
Drainage channels converge on a centripetal point,such as a closed basin.
Term
Annular
Definition
A set of incomplete, concentric rings of streams completed by short radial channels, that form on alternating folded layers of resistant and nonresistant rock
Term
Trellis
Definition
Resembles a vine trellis, that forms on parallel ridges of alternating resistant and non resistant rock.
Term
Deranged
Definition
a random pattern of stream channels that seem to have no relationship to underlying rock types or geologic structures
Term
Drainage Basin
Definition
The entire area of land that is drained by one stream
Term
Divide
Definition
The imaginary line that divides one drainage basin from another
Term
Uplands
Definition
Highest elevation points of a stream
Term
Head
Definition
Point of origin for a stream
Term
Headward Erosion
Definition
Uphill Erosion
Term
Mouth
Definition
End of a river
Term
Main factors in the formation of river valleys
Definition
Geology
Gradient (ft./mi.)
Base Level
Discharge (ft^3/sec.)
Load
Term
Floodplains
Definition
When alluvium develops landward of the river banks, during floods.
Term
Yazoo Tributary
Definition
Tributary that flows alongside a river for a significant distance, because it cannot get over the levee.
Term
Levee
Definition
Natural walls on the side of the river built of sediment
Term
Stream Terraces
Definition
Old floodplains
Term
Delta
Definition
Delta shaped deposition of material at the end of a river
Term
Alluvial Fan
Definition
Occurs where a steep gradient stream suddenly enters a flat, wide area.
Term
Stages of river
Definition
Normal
Bankfull
Flood
Term
Zone of aeration
Definition
Underground zone above the water table
Term
Zone of saturation
Definition
Underground zone below the water table
Term
Groundwater
Definition
Water in the saturated zone
Term
Aquifers
Definition
Rock strata that conduct water
Term
Confining Beds
Definition
Impermeable bedrock materials that prevent the flow of water
Term
Hydraulic Gradient
Definition
The slope of the water table surface
Normally higher uphill
Term
Karst
Definition
a distinctive topography that indicates dissolution of underlying soluble rock, generally limestone
Term
Most common acid in rainwater
Definition
Carbonic Acid = H2CO3
Term
Typical indicators of Karst Topography
Definition
Sinkholes
Solution Valleys
Springs
Disappearing Streams
Term
Sinkholes
Definition
Surface depressions formed by the collapse of caves or other large underground void spaces
Term
Solution Valleys
Definition
Valley-like depressions formed by a linear series of sinkholes or collapse of the roof of a linear cave.
Term
Springs
Definition
Places where water flows naturally from the ground (from spaces between the bedrock)
Term
Streams that terminate abruptly be seeping into the ground
Definition
Term
Cave
Definition
Underground cavity large enough for a person to enter
Term
Stalactites
Definition
Icicles of limestone hanging from the ceiling of caves
Term
Stalagmites
Definition
Calcite formations on the floor of a cave
Term
Artesian Wells
Definition
Wells where water flows naturally from the top
Term
Potentionmetry
Definition
Water-pressure
Term
Recharging
Definition
The refilling of an aquifer with water
Term
Submergent Coastline
Definition
Caused by a rising sea level, a submergent coastline is one that is flooding/receding.
Transgression: Water level rising
Subsidence: Land getting lower
Term
Emergent Coastline
Definition
Caused by a falling sea level, an emergent coastline is one that is being elevated above sea level and building out into the water.
Regression: Water level falling
Uplift: Land rising
Term
Barrier Island
Definition
A long, narrow island that parallels the mainland coastline and is separated from the mainland by a lagoon, tidal flat, or salt marsh.
Term
Beach
Definition
A gently sloping deposit of sand or gravel along the edge of a shoreline
Term
Berm Crest
Definition
The highest part of a beach; it separates the foreshore (seaward part of the shoreline) from the backshore (landward part of the shoreline)
Term
Washover Fan
Definition
A fan-shaped deposit of sand or gravel transported and deposited landward of the beach during a storm or very high tide
Term
Estuary
Definition
A river valley flooded by a rise in the level of an ocean or lake. (a flooded glacial valley is called a fjord)
Term
Longshore Current
Definition
A water current in the surf zone (zone where waves break). It flows slowly parallel to shoreline, driven by waves that were caused by wind.
Term
Delta
Definition
A sediment deposit at the mouth of a river where it enters an ocean or lake
Term
Headland
Definition
Projection of land that extends into an ocean or lake and generally has cliffs along its water boundary
Term
Spit
Definition
A sand bar extending from the end of a beach into the mouth of an adjacent bay
Term
Tidal Flat
Definition
Muddy or sandy area that is covered with water at high tide and exposed at low tide
Term
Saltmarsh
Definition
A marsh that is flooded by ocean water at high tide
Term
Wave-cut cliff
Definition
(sea cliff) Seaward-facing cliff along a steep shoreline, produced by wave erosion
Term
Wave-cut Platform
Definition
A bench or shelf at sea level (or lake level) along a steep shore, and formed by wave erosion
Term
Marine Terrace
Definition
An elevated platform that is bounded on its seaward side by a cliff or steep slope (and formed when a wave-cut platform is elevated by uplift or regression).
Term
Stack
Definition
An isolated rocky island near a headland cliff
Term
Tombolo
Definition
A sand bar that connects an island with the mainland or another island
Term
Tied Island
Definition
An island connected to the main land or another island by a tombolo
Term
Sea Wall
Definition
An embankment of boulders, reinforced concrete, or other material constructed against a shoreline to prevent erosion by waves
Term
Breakwater
Definition
An offshore wall constructed parallel to a shoreline to break waves.
Term
Groin
Definition
(groyne) A short wall constructed perpendicular to shoreline in order to trap sand and make or build up a beach. Sand accumulates on the up-current side of the groin in relation to the longshore current
Term
Jetties
Definition
Long walls extending from shore at the mouths of harbors and used to protect the harbor entrance from filling with sand or being eroded by waves and currents. (Boulders)
Term
Storm Surge
Definition
Bulge of water pushed landward by abnormally high winds and/or low atmospheric pressure associated with storms. (2-24ft, but most are 2-3ft.)
Term
Epicenter
Definition
Point on map above the focus
Term
Focus
Definition
Underground origin of earthquake
Term
Seismic waves
Definition
(Earthquake Waves) Elastic waves of vibration and shaking.
Term
Mitigate
Definition
Decrease the probability of
Term
Seismogram
Definition
A record of seismic wave motion
Term
Seismograph
Definition
Instruments used to detect seismic waves
Term
Body Waves
Definition
Waves that travel through the Earth's surface:
P-waves=Primary
S-Waves=Secondary
Term
Surface Waves
Definition
(L-Waves)
Term
Active Fault
Definition
Can move/produce and earthquake at the present
Term
First Motion
Definition
The initial pen motion of a seismograph which represents the RX of the P-Wave to dilation (pulling rocks apart) or compression (squeezing rocks together).
First Up: Compression
First Down: Dilation
Term
Blind Faults
Definition
Faults that do not break the earth's surface
Term
Science
Definition
Gathering Evidence
Running Tests
Engaging in Discourse
Making Inferences
Term
Spatial Scale of Observation
Definition
Global
Regional
Local
Hand Sample
Microscopic
Atomic
Term
Geologic Time Scale
Definition
Index to the book of geologic history
Term
Working Hypothesis
Definition
Tentative ideas to investigate and test
Term
Investigation
Definition
Activity planned and conducted to test hypotheses, gather and record data, make measurements, or control and explore variables.
Term
Bands
Definition
Parts of the EM spectrum that are defined and named according to their wavelength
Term
True Color v False Color
Definition
True color: way thins appear to human eye
False color: normally invisible bands of EM radiation
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