Term
| What is the principle of Fauna Succession? |
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Definition
| fossils succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order (biotic evolution). |
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Term
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Definition
| Fossils representing free swimming or drifting organisms that can be found world wide and deposited in a wide variety of rock type (different depositional environments). These are the most useful for global correlation of the stratigraphic record. |
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Term
| 2 Examples of good Index fossils. |
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Definition
Conodonts - Has 'teeth'
Graptolites - has up-side down cone
both small and wide-spread making them useful. |
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Term
| Trilobites and Brachiopods are what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sediments from depositional environments occurring beside each other at the present day will be found on top on each other in the stratigraphic record due to sea level changes. |
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Term
| Nearly two-thirds of the Earth’s surface – all of the oceanic crust – was formed over the past ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
However, rocks of the continents are much
older, as old as ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Tectonics of North America |
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Definition
The stable craton
The Appalachian Fold Belt
The Cordilleran Mountain Belt |
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Term
| Types of tectonic provinces: |
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Definition
* shield
● platform
● continental basin
● orogens
● extended crust |
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Term
| Two main tectonic plates are: |
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Definition
The stable craton
-Canadian shield
- interior platform
- basins and uplifts
● Folded and faulted Belts
- Appalachian Fold Belt
- Cordillera Mountain Belt |
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Term
| Folded and Faulted belts surround stable cratons. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Coastal plain
continental shelf
ocean crust |
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Term
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Definition
| a high grade metamorphic rock |
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Term
The Appalachian Fold Beltexample
of Paleozoic orogen |
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Definition
● Taconic orogeny
Early Paleozoic (mid- late ordovician)
● Caledonian orogeny
middle paleozoic (mid-late devonian)
● Alleghanian orogeny
late paleozoic (late carboniferous - early permian) |
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Term
| Laurentia is a early Ord' land mass that included north america and greenland. true/false. |
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Definition
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Term
| Appalachian convergent boundary: |
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Definition
| middle ordovician transition to convergence resulted in orogenic activity. |
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Term
| body of the appalachian is in the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| early Od' land mass that was south america and africa. |
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Term
The Cordilleran Mountain Beltexample
of Mesozoic-Cenozoic orogen
● orogeny
- main mountan building event
late mesozoic - paleogene
● rejuvenation
● crustal stretching |
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Definition
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Term
| Cenozoic West Coast evolution; Before the Eocene: |
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Definition
the entire Pacific
Coast was a
convergent plate
boundary
– where the Farallon
plate
– was consumed at a
subduction zone
– that stretched from
Mexico to Alaska |
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Term
As the North
American Plate
overrode the Pacific–
Farallon Ridge,
– transform faults
formed
• Queen Charlotte
• the San Andreas
– alternating with
subduction zones |
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Definition
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Term
• extended the San
Andreas Fault
– and diminished the
size of the Farallon–
Plate remnants
• Now two small
remnants of the
Farallon plate exist
– the Juan de Fuca
plate
– Cocos plate |
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Definition
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Term
know: The “slab-gap” model of
Dickinson and Snyder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Around the world, what are the Types of tectonic provinces: |
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Definition
● shield
● platform
● continental basin
● orogens
● extended crust |
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Term
How Continents Grow
● Modes of growth? |
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Definition
----Magmatic addition
Earth's mantle derived, silica-rch rock added to the crust --> vertical transport.
----Continental accretion
addition of existing crustal masses (previously differentiated from the mantle) --> horizontal transport.
● accreted terrains |
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Term
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Definition
| Exotic Terranes shoring the complex "collage tectonics" of the cordilleran orogenic belt. |
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Term
| ______ of western north America is made of accreted terrains. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 steps of buoyant fragment to a continent: |
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Definition
| buoyant crustal fragment is carried into a subduction zone. --> fragment is more buoyant than subducting lithosphere, no subduction. --> fragment becomes welded to a continent on the overriding plate. Forms the Avalonia. |
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Term
| 3 steps of accretion of an island arc: |
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Definition
| plate carrying a continent is subducted beneath an island arc. --> continental crust more buoyant than subducting lithosphere. --> sea closes and the island arc becomes welded to the continent. Forms the tacomic. |
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Term
| 3 steps of accretion along transform fault: |
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Definition
| 2 plates slide against eachother along transform fault. --> crustal fragment on one plate is carried along the other plate. --> when fault becomes inactive, fragment is welded to the other plate in a area distant from the original. Wrangellia is formed. |
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Term
| 3 steps of accretion by continental collision and rifting: |
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Definition
| one continental plate is subducted against another plate. --> continent is not subducted, thrust faults occur. --> Rifting and seafloor spreading carry the plates apart leaving a fragment of continent welded to the other. |
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Term
| Wrangellia - composite terrain: |
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Definition
Permian fossils of tropical affinities.
late triassic flood basalts.
Cretaceous accretion to north america.
Northward strike slip displacement. |
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Term
| how do we explain different geographic configurations through time? |
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Definition
modification by plate collision
- alphine himilayan orogent
- assembly of pangaea
Big picture: the wilson cycle |
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Term
| Where is the thickest continental crust in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
About 40 Ma ago the rate of subduction change from __________ to
________ reflecting the onset of collision. TODAY: ________ a year |
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Definition
20cm/yr to 5cm/yr reflecting the
onset of collision
TODAY: 40-50 mm a year |
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